Histology of the CNS

Question 1

most common excitatory NT

Answer 1

glutamate

Question 2

meissner’s corpuscles (light touch) cell bodies are located in..

Answer 2

the DRG

Question 3

glial cells vs neurons on cell division

Answer 3

neurons rarely divide; glial cells divide

Question 4

spinal cord H is made up of

Answer 4

grey matter (unmyelinated)

Question 5

axons are made up of ____ that form _____

Answer 5

white matter; white matter tracts (like the corticospinal tract)

Question 6

upper motor neurons are contained in the

Answer 6

brain

Question 7

lower motor neurons are contained in the

Answer 7

spinal cord

Question 8

the cerebral cortex cell bodies are made of which type of matter?

Answer 8

grey matter (cortex is on outside/ made of neuron cell bodies)

Question 9

the PNS consists of

Answer 9

axons (to skeletal muscle is referring to motor neurons)

Question 10

stain used to stain myelin of the axons

Answer 10

cresyl violet stain

Question 11

a cluster of neurons outside the CNS is termed

Answer 11

ganglion

Question 12

a cluster of neurons inside the CNS is termed

Answer 12

nucleus

Question 13

smooth muscle/gland motor innervation is done by

Answer 13

autonomic NS

Question 14

brain stem or spinal cord autonomic neurons are termed

Answer 14

preganglionic

Question 15

autonomic ganglion (outside the CNS) are termed

Answer 15

postganglionic

Question 16

3 famous motor neurons

Answer 16

purkinje, pyramidal, alpha motor neurons

Question 17

where are purkinje motor neurons located?

Answer 17

cerebellum (damage would cause tremors, ataxia)

Question 18

where are pyramidal motor neurons located?

Answer 18

cerebrum, upper motor neurons

Question 19

where are alpha motor neurons located?

Answer 19

brainstem, spinal cord, lower motor neurons (damage would cause twitching, vasiculation)

Question 20

what are interneurons?

Answer 20

inhibitory usually between 2 neurons*

Question 21

largest neurons in the cerebellum?

Answer 21

purkinje neurons

Question 22

**upper motor neurons are made of ___ found in the ____

Answer 22

pyramidal neurons* in the cerebral cortex (cereBRAL, pyramiDAL)

Question 23

where are alpha motor neurons found?

Answer 23

lower motor neurons (ventral horn of spinal cord, to skeletal muscles, in brainstem motor nuclei)

Question 24

where are preganglionic cell bodies located?

Answer 24

brainstem nuclei, lateral horn of spinal cord

Question 25

where are preganglionic axons to post ganglionic neurons located?

Answer 25

in PNS ganglia

Question 26

the post ganglionic sympathetic neurons to sweat glands are adrenergic or cholinergic?

Answer 26

cholinergic (as are the preganglionic neurons to sweat glands)

Question 27

where are ANS sympathetic neurons located?

Answer 27

lateral horn T1-L2; chain and collateral ganglia

Question 28

where are ANS parasympathetics located?

Answer 28

cranial (brainstem nuclei, ganglia) and sacral (lateral horn S2-S4, ganglia in organs)

Question 29

glial to neuron ratio

Answer 29

10:1

Question 30

*protein that all types of astrocytes have (astrocyte marker)

Answer 30

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Pritein (GFAP)- an intermediate filament; amt. increases during reactivity

Question 31

function of astrocytes

Answer 31

scavenge for ions, neurotransmitters, GLIAL SCAR, tell endothelial cells to form BBB, produce cytokines

Question 32

protoplasmic astrocytes are made of ____ matter; fibrous astrocytes are made of ____ matter

Answer 32

grey; white; both types form vascular end feet

Question 33

describe the structural characteristics of oligodendrocytes

Answer 33

few processes, pycnotic nucleus, near neurons, no basal lamina, myelinate MANY axons

Question 34

origin of microglia

Answer 34

bone marrow

Question 35

where are microglia found?

Answer 35

grey matter, white matter, spines on cell body and processes

Question 36

microglia produce cytokines and express

Answer 36

MHC-I and MHC-II

Question 37

what is the neuropil?

Answer 37

substance between neurons; collection of neuronal and glial processes

Question 38

what cells form the brain-CSF barrier?

Answer 38

ependymal cells (have cilia to move CSF)

Question 39

what do ependymal cells line?

Answer 39

ventricles of the brain and central spinal cord canal

Question 40

function of tight junctions

Answer 40

to block reactive substances from entering the space

Question 41

*what is the BBB composed of? (the actual barrier)

Answer 41

capillary endothelial cell TIGHT JUNCTIONS

Question 42

where is the BBB absent?

Answer 42

circumventricular organs like the pineal gland

Question 43

what forms the blood-CSF barrier?

Answer 43

pia, ependymal, blood vessels

Question 44

which layer of meninges is adherent to the brain?

Answer 44

pia mater

Question 45

what makes the meninges?

Answer 45

fibroblasts of pia, arachnoid, and dura mater

Question 46

name the spaces where hematomas occur

Answer 46

epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space