Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproductive Sonography > Scrotal Pathology > Flashcards

Scrotal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible scrotal wall abnormailities

A

Non-inflammatory
Inflammatory
Scrotal wall malignant lesions
Inguinal & scrotal swelling
Abnormalities of spermatic cord
Tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the non-inflammatory causes of scrotal wall abnormalities

A

Heart failure
Lymphedema
Hypoalbuminemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the inflammatory causes of scrotal wall abnormalities

A

Cellulitis
Fournier gangrene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the scrotal wall malignant lesions that can cause scrotal wall abnormalities

A

Metastases from melanoma
Lung or anal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the inguinal & scrotal swellings that can cause scrotal wall abnormalities

A

Inguinal hernia
Hydrocele
Pyocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the abnormalities of the spermatic cord that can cause scrotal wall abnormalities

A

Varicocele
Encysted hydrocele of cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the possible tumors of the scrotal wall

A

Rhabdomyomas & Sarcomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

This pathology is when there is excess fluid that builds up in the cavities (Tunica vaginalis)

A

Hydrocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Water/fluid in the scrotum

A

Hydrocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The scrotal fluid surrounding the testis except for the ___ ___ where the tunica _____ does not cover testis & is attached to ____

A

Except bare area
Tunica vaginalis
Epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrocele is sometimes present at ____ but can also result from ___ & ___

A

Birth
Injury & Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrocele is most common cause of

A

Painless scrotal swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of hydrocele

A

Scrotal swelling that gets progressively noticeable
Dull ache of scrotum
Heaviness of scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the types of hydrocele

A

Congenital
Infantile
Primary
Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does acute hydrocele appear sonographically

A

Anechoic fluid surrounding anterolateral aspect of testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sonographically in hydrocele usually the testis is

A

Displaced posteromedially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does chronic hydrocele appear sonographically

A

Low-level
Mobile echoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types (by location) of hydrocele

A

Noncommunicating
Communicating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does noncommunicating hydrocele occur

A

When sac closes, but body doesn’t absorb fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In noncommunicating hydrocele the remaining fluid is typically

A

Reabsorbed into the body within a year time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Communicating hydrocele usually occurs when

A

Sac surrounding testicle doesn’t close all the way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Communicating hydrocele allows the fluid to

A

Flow in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the differentials of hydrocele

A

Pyocele
Scrotal hernia
Complex echogenic fluid in tunica vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does a scrotal henia appear sonographically

A

Bowel or echogenic omentum seen within scrotum
Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Complex echogenic fluid in tunica vaginalis is usually associated with

A

Trauma
Torsion
Infarct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define epididymitis

A

Infection or inflammation of epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epididymitis is usually a result of

A

STI (Chlamydia or Gonorrhea)

28
Q

What are the symptoms of epididymitis

A

Scortal/Testicular pain or tenderness
Warmness/redness in scrotum
Painful urination
Fever

29
Q

Depending on the type of infection in epididymitis they may need to take

A

Antibiotics or antiviral meds

30
Q

What are the lab values of epididymitis

A

Negative tumor markers
Positive urinalysis for WBC
Elevated WBC

31
Q

What are the sonographic findings of epididymitis

A

Isoechoic/slightly hypoechoic
Hypervascularity of epididymis

32
Q

What are the differentials of epididymitis

A

Malignant testicular tumor
Torsion

33
Q

If a mass is palpable then they are likely to be _____ (Benign or Malignant)

A

Malignant

34
Q

Define orchitis

A

Inflammation of testicles

35
Q

Define primary orchitis

A

Isolated orchitis due to bacterial or viral infection

36
Q

Orchitis usually develops _-__ days after ___ begin

A

4-10 days, mumps

37
Q

What is mumps

A

Swollen parotid salivary glands (Parotitis)

38
Q

T or F:
Mumps is very common

A

False
Very rare

39
Q

What is secondary orchitis

A

Infection spreas from adjacent organs

40
Q

What is the term for inflammation of the testicles & the epididymis

A

Epididymoorchitis

41
Q

What are the clinical findings of orchitis

A

Fever
Groin pain
Dyspareunia
Dysorgasmia
Dysuria
Scrotal swelling
Tender/swollen groin area
Heavy feeling in testicle
Pain made worse by bowel movement

42
Q

What are the risk factors for STI caused orchitis

A

High-risk sexual behaviors
Multiple partners
Personal history of gonorrhea or another STD
Sexual partner with STD

43
Q

What are the risk factors for orchitis not due to STD

A

> 45 years
Long-term Foley catheter
No mumps vaccine
Congenital problem of UT
Frequent UTI’s
Surgery of UT

44
Q

What are the lab tests that are done for orchitis

A

CBC (Complete blood count)
Urethral smear
Urine culture

45
Q

What are the sonographic findings of orchitis

A

Focal areas of decreased echoes (Unless chronic)
Hyperemia evident with increased color flow
Differentials same as epididymitis

46
Q

Twisting of the spermatic cord causes

A

Reduced or absent vascular circulation to the testicle

47
Q

What are the clinical findings of testicular torsion

A

Swollen erythematous
Acute acrotal/inguinal pain

48
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of testicular torsion

A

Sudden sever pain in scrotum
Swelling of scrotum
Abdominal pain
Fever
Frequent urination

49
Q

What happens if a young boy gets testicular torsion

A

Typically wake up due to scrotal pain in middle or night or early in morning

50
Q

Testicular torsion can result in

A

Complete infarction of the testicle if it lasts longer than a few hours

51
Q

Name the salvage rate of the number of hours with testicular torsion:
<6 hours
6-12 hours
12-24 hours
>24 hours

A

80-100%
76%
20%
0%

52
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of testicular torsion

A

“Spiral” twist of spermatic cord
“Torsion knot” or “Whirlpool”
Enlarged testis & epididymis with heterogenous texture
Edema of scrotal wall

53
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of testicular torsion for 24 hours

A

Changes like congestion, hemorrhage and infarction can be visualized

54
Q

What are the differentials of testicular torsion

A

Testicular trauma
Abscess
Tumor

55
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of testicular trauma

A

Hematocele
Irregular contours
Heterogenous

56
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of an abscess

A

Thick walled
Hypoechoic
Low-level internal echoes
Thickened tunica albuginea
Enlarged hypoechoic epididymis with increased blood flow on color Doppler

57
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a tumor

A

Focal hypoechoic mass with heterogenous areas
Abnormal vascularity within mass

58
Q

Name the color Doppler flow in acute scrotal conditions in the following (Intratesticular flow & peritesticular flow)
Acute torsion
Missed torsion
Orchitis
Epididymitis

A

AT - (I) Absent & (P) Normal
MT - (I) Absent & (P) Increased
O - (I) Increased & (P) Normal
E - (I) Normal & (P) Increased

59
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicle

60
Q

In an undescended testicle 1/3 of the cases are ____ (Bilateral or Unilateral)

A

Bilateral

61
Q

T or F:
Spontaneous decent doesn’t occur after age 1

A

True

62
Q

What are the associations of cryptorchidism

A

Inguinal hernia
Hypospadias

63
Q

With cryptorchidism there is a higher incidence of

A

Testicular torsion
Infertility
Cancer in cryptochid testis

64
Q

How does cryptochidism appear sonographically

A

Difficult to differetiate from lymph nodes
Hypoechoic/anechoic

65
Q

What are the differentials of cryptorchidism

A

Anorchia

66
Q

What is anorchia

A

Absent testicle

Reproductive Sonography (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions