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Reproductive Sonography > Female Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Female Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The vuvla is also known as

A

Pudendum

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2
Q

List and label all structures part of the vulva

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Urethral Opening
Vaginal Opening
Vestibule
Prepuce
Fourchette
Hymen
Perineum

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3
Q

The area between rectum and uterus

A

Posterior cul-de-sac

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4
Q

Area between bladder and uterus

A

Anterior cul-de-sac

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5
Q

What is the vestibule

A

Opening to the vagina and urethra

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6
Q

The prepuce surrounds the

A

Clitoris

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7
Q

What is the major role of the clitoris

A

Sensitive and important role in sexual activity

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8
Q

The greater vestibule glands are known as the

A

Bartholin glands

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9
Q

The fourchette is the

A

Frenulum of labia majora

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10
Q

Small, thin piece of tissue at the opening of the vagina

A

Hymen

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11
Q

What are the 4 bones of the pelvis

A

2 Innominate
Sacrum
Coccyx

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12
Q

What are the 2 compartments of the pelvis

A

False pelvis
True pelvis

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13
Q

What is the difference between the male and female pelvis

A

Female - Wider than 90 degrees
Male - Smaller than 90 degrees

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14
Q

The false pelvis is also known as the

A

Greater or major pelvis

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15
Q

The false/greater pelvis communicates superiorly and inferiorly with the

A

Superiorly with abdominal cavity
Inferiorly with pelvic cavity

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16
Q

The true pelvis is also known as the

A

Lesser or mino pelvis

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17
Q

What are the structures within the anterior pelvic cavity

A

Bladder
Ureters
Fallopian tubes
Ovaries
Uterus
Vagine

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18
Q

What are the structures within the posterior pelvic cavity

A

Rectum
Colon
Ileum

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19
Q

Name the 4 muscles that are part of the abdomen/pelvis in order from most superior to most inferior

A

Rectus abdominis
Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique

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20
Q

The rectus abdominis connects to the

A

Xiphoid process of sternum and symphysis pubis

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21
Q

External oblique muscle goes from the

A

Lower ribs to iliac crest

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22
Q

Internal oblique attaches from the

A

Lower 3 ribs to linea alba and from inguinal ligament to iliac crest

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23
Q

Transverse abdominal muscle wraps around the

A

Torso (from front) to back and from ribs to pelvis

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24
Q

What are the muscles of the false pelvis

A

Psoas major
Iliacus

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25
Q

What are the muscles of the true pelvis

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Pelvis diaphragm muscles

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26
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvis diaphragm

A

Levator ani
Coccygeal

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27
Q

Where are the levator muscles located

A

Front

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28
Q

Where are the coccygeal muscles located

A

Behind

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29
Q

Label the muscles of the true pelvis

A

(Use picture from pp) In order top to bottom
Piriformis
Coccygeus
Ischial spine
Obturator internus
White line
Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis

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30
Q

Name the 3 muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

A

Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis
Iliococcygeus

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31
Q

The 3 muscles of the pelvic diaphragm are ___ and ____

A

Separated and paired

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32
Q

The pelvic diaphragms separates above the ____ and below the ____

A

Above pelvic cavity
Below the perineal cavity

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33
Q

The pelvic diaphragms keep the pelvic organs

A

In place

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34
Q

Name the 3 levator ani muscles and are located in the ____ of the body

A

Pubococcygeus
Puborectalis
Iliococcygeus
Located in front

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35
Q

The coccygeus muscles is located in the ___ of the body

A

Behind

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36
Q

The pubococcygeus muscles surround the

A

Urethra, vagina, rectum

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37
Q

The puborectalis muscle surrounds and forms

A

Lower portion of the rectum Forms sling

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38
Q

The coccygeus is also known as the

A

Ischiococcygeus muscle

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39
Q

The coccygeus pulls the coccyx ___ after ____

A

Forward after defication

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40
Q

The bladder and ureters get rid of

A

Waste products from kidneys

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41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the bladder

A

Apex
Base
Neck

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42
Q

Where is the apex of the bladder located

A

Posterior to the pubic bone

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43
Q

Where is the base of the bladder located

A

Anterior to vagina, superior surface of the uterus

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44
Q

Where is the neck of the bladder located

A

Upper surface of urogenital diaphragm, inferolateral surface retropubic fat, obturator internus, levator ani, pubic bone

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45
Q

The ureters runs anterior to the _____ and posterior to the _____

A

Anterior to internal iliac arteries
Posterior to ovaries

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46
Q

The ureters enter the

A

Posterioinferior bladder

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47
Q

The vagina has a ___ membrane that

A

Mucous membrane that lines the muscular walls

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48
Q

Where is the Gartner’s duct located

A

Between the layer of the broad ligament of the uterus and in wall of vagina

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49
Q

Bartholin’s gland are located on

A

Each side of the vaginal opening

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50
Q

How many fornixes are there

A

4

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51
Q

The area of vaginal lumen surround the cervix is called

A

Fornixes

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52
Q

Where does the vagina get blood supply and where is the blood drained

A

Gets arterial supply from vaginal and uterine arteries
Drains to internal iliac vein

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53
Q

What are the average uterus measurements during menarcheal

A

6-8 cm length
3-5 AP & width

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54
Q

The uterus divides into what 3 parts

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

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55
Q

What does premenarchal mean

A

Pre-menstrual/puberty

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56
Q

What does nulliparous mean

A

No kids

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57
Q

What does multiparity mean

A

Multiple kids

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58
Q

Postmenopausal means

A

Post menstrual life at least one year without a period

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59
Q

What is the average length and width of a permenarcheal uterus

A

1.0-3.0 cm length
0.5-1.0 cm width

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60
Q

What is the average length, width, and AP of a menarcheal (Nulliparous) uterus

A

6-8cm L
3-5 cm W & AP

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61
Q

How much does a multiparity uterus increase by

A

1-2 cm

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62
Q

What is the average length, width, and AP of a multiparity uterus

A

8-10 cm L
5-6 cm W & AP

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63
Q

What is the average length, width, and AP for postmenopausal uterus

A

3.5-5.5 cm L
2-3 W & AP

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64
Q

The uterine length is measured in what plane and measured from where to where

A

Midsagittal plane
From outer serosal surface of fundus to external cervical os

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65
Q

The uterine thickness (AP) is measured in what plane and measured from where to where

A

Midsagittal plane anterioposteriorly
From outer to outer serosal surfaces

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66
Q

The uterine width is measured in what plane

A

Midtransverse

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67
Q

What is the widest portion of the uterus

A

fundus

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68
Q

What is the cornua

A

Where the Fallopian tubes enter the uterine cavity

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69
Q

The body of the uterus is also known as ____ & ____

A

Myometirum
Corpus

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70
Q

What is the largest portion of the uterus

A

Body

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71
Q

Label the uterus diagram

A

Look at uterus picture on slide 28

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72
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cervix

A

Internal and external os

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73
Q

What is the isthmus

A

Outer transition point between the body and cervix

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74
Q

Where is the isthmus located

A

Point where the uterus bends anteriorly or posteriorly when bladder is empty

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75
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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76
Q

What is the perimetrium

A

Serous outer layer of the uterus

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77
Q

What is the endometrium

A

Inner mucous membrane
Glandular portion of the body

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78
Q

How does the myometrium appear on ultrasound

A

Homogeneous and hypoechoic “halo” that surrounds the endometrium

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79
Q

What are the characteristics of the endometrium

A

Inner layer that lines uterine cavity
Glandular mucous membrane

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80
Q

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium

A

Functional and basal layers

81
Q

The functional layer is known as the

A

Zona functionalis

82
Q

Of the two layers of the endometrium which is the innermost and the outermost

A

Innermost layer - Functional layer
Outer layer - Zona basalis

83
Q

Name the 4 ligaments in the uterus

A

Broad
Round
Cardinal
Uterosacral

84
Q

This ligament has double fold of peritoneum

A

Broad ligament

85
Q

The broad ligament drapes over the

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries

86
Q

Broad ligament provides a small

A

Amount of support for the uterus

87
Q

Broad ligaments contain ____ & ____

A

Uterine blood vessels and nerves

88
Q

What are the 3 parts of the broad ligament

A

Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Mesometrium

89
Q

Where are the round ligaments located

A

Between the layers of the broad ligament

90
Q

What is the role of the round ligament

A

Aid in holding the uterine fundus and body in forward position

91
Q

The cervix is the ____ portion frimly supported by these 2 ligaments

A

ONLY portion
Cardinal & Uterosacral ligament

92
Q

What cavity contains 2 potential spaces and what are those spaces called

A

Peritoneal cavity
Anterior and posterior cul-de-sac

93
Q

The cardinal ligament is the continuation of what ligament

A

Broad ligament

94
Q

Where does the uterosacral ligaments originate from

A

The lateral uterine isthmus

95
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity contain

A

Visceral organs
Liver, stomach, small & large intestines, associated smaller organs

96
Q

The peritoneal cavity is formed by the

A

Caudal portion of parietal peritoneum

97
Q

What is the significance of the peritoneal cavity to sonography

A

Potential space for fluid to accumulate

98
Q

The anterior cul-de-sac is also known as

A

Vesicouterine Recess (pouch)

99
Q

The vesicouterine recess has a fold of

A

Peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder

100
Q

Where is the vesicouterine recess located

A

Anterior to the fundus between the bladder and uterus

101
Q

The posterior cul-de-sac is known as what 2 other things

A

Pouch of Douglas
Rectouterine recess

102
Q

Where is the rectouterine recess located between the ___ & ___ and is the most ___ & ___ region

A

Between uterus and rectum
Most inferior and posterior region

103
Q

The space of Retzius is also known as

A

Retropubic space

104
Q

Where is the space of Retzius located

A

Between anterior bladder wall and symphysis pubis

105
Q

The space of Retzius is usually what type of fat

A

Subcutaneous fat

106
Q

An angle of version between the axis of the ____ body and the ____ is how many degrees and the cervix angles

A

Uterine and vagina, <90 degrees, forward

107
Q

An angle of flexion between the longitudinal axis of the _____ body and the _____ _____ is how many degrees and the body is ____

A

Uterine, uterine cervix, >90 degrees, body is flexed forward

108
Q

The mesosalpinx is attached to the

A

Fallopian tubes

109
Q

The mesovarium is attached to the

A

Ovary

110
Q

The mesometrium is attached to the

A

Myometirum

111
Q

What is the most common uterus position and is tipped ___

A

Anteverted, forward

112
Q

Anteverted position is where the ___ and ___ of uterus are at almost ____ ____

A

Cervix, body, the same axis

113
Q

What does a retroverted uterus mean

A

Uterus is tipped backward

114
Q

What does an anteflexed uterus mean

A

Fundus is tipped forward

115
Q

What does a retroflexed uterus mean

A

Tipped backwards the fundus is tipped backwards towards the rectum

116
Q

Draw the positions of the uterus

A

Look at pic on slide 49

117
Q

Draw and label Fallopian tube diagram

A

Look at pic on slide 51

118
Q

What are the 4 parts that the fallopian tube divides into and what are their segments

A

Infundibulum - LS
Ampulla - MIS
Isthmus -MES
Interstitial - STC

119
Q

Where do the ovaries usually lie

A

Posterior to the pelvis and lateral to the uterus, level of cornua

120
Q

The ovaries are suspended from the ____ aspect of the this part of the broad ligament

A

Posterior aspect of the mesovarium

121
Q

Where are the ovaries usually located

A

Anterior to ureter
Anterior/medial to internl iliac vessels

122
Q

The outer layer of the ovaries is called the

A

Cortex

123
Q

The follicles in the ovaries are covered by the ____ ____ and are surround by a single, thin layer of cells known as the

A

Tunica Albugniea
Germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

124
Q

The center of the ovary is known as the

A

Medulla

125
Q

The ovaries are composed of C.T that contain these 4 things

A

B.V, nerves, lymphatic v., smooth muscle at hilum region

126
Q

Ovaries produce what reproductive cell

A

Ovum

127
Q

Name the 2 hormones produced by the ovaries and what they are secreted by

A

Estrogen - Follicles
Progesterone - Corpus lute

128
Q

Transvaginal ultrasound help to show these 3 things

A

Cysts, benign & malignant tumors

129
Q

What is the average measurement L, W, T of the ovaries

A

3.5 X 2.5 X 1.5 cm

130
Q

What will the measurement of the ovaries be after menopause

A

2 X 1.5 X 1 cm or less

131
Q

What is the simplified evaluation of equation for polycystic ovaries

A

0.52 X L X W X T
Pie/6 X L X W X T

132
Q

The ovary is supported medially but the

A

Ovarian ligament

133
Q

The ovary is supported lateraly by the

A

Suspensory/infundibulopelvic ligament

134
Q

The ovary is supported posteriorly by the

A

Broad ligament via the mesovarium

135
Q

What are the 9 arteries and veins that help support the female reproductive system

A

Aorta
External iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Uterine artery/veins
Arcuate arteries
Radial arteries
Straight & spiral arteries
Ovarian arteries
Ovarain veins

136
Q

The aorta bifurcates into the

A

R & L common iliac arteries

137
Q

The aorta bifurcates a second time into the

A

External and interal iliac arteries

138
Q

The external iliac artery becomes the

A

Femoral artery

139
Q

The internal iliac artery is also known as the

A

Hypogastric artery

140
Q

The internal iliac artery subdivides into

A

Uterine and vaginal artery

141
Q

What is the location of the uterine arteries and veins

A

Between layers of broad ligament and lateral to the uterus

142
Q

What are the arcuate arteries

A

Arc-like arteries that encircle the uterus in the outer third of the myometirum

143
Q

The radial arteries branch off the

A

Arcuate artery

144
Q

The radial arteries extend from the

A

Myometirum to the base of the endometirum

145
Q

The straight and spiral arteries supply the

A

Zona basalis of the endmetirum

146
Q

The ovarian arteries branch

A

Laterally off the aorta

147
Q

There is ____ within the uterine artery

A

Anastomoses

148
Q

Where do the right and left ovarian veins drain into

A

R - Drains into IVC
L - Drains to left renal vein

149
Q

The menstrual cycle governs the

A

Prep and maintenance of the uterine lining

150
Q

The ovarian cycle governs the

A

Prep of endocrine tissues and release of eggs

151
Q

The ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone governs the amoung of ___ & ___ produced and secreted by the ___ ___ ____

A

FSH and LH, by the anterior pituitary gland

152
Q

Estrogen is the principle modulator of the

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary activity

153
Q

The endocrine cycle is controlled by

A

Hormones

154
Q

What are the sources of the endocrine

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Ovarian axis

155
Q

The hypothalamus controls the

A

Follicle stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSHRF)
Luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LHRF)

156
Q

This hormone is referred to as the female sex hormone

A

Estrogen

157
Q

Estrogen is the fundamental hormone in the development of feminization which includes 6 things

A

Uterus (Menstrual cycle and pregnancy)
Physical shape
Breasts
External genitalia
Skin texture
Emotion

158
Q

This hormone is the ‘pro’ pregnancy hormone

A

Progesterone

159
Q

Progesterone modifies the estrogen effect on

A

Uterus
Breasts
Emotions

160
Q

What are the 5 phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstrual phase
Follicular phase
Proliferative phase/Preovulatory
Ovulation
Luteal/secretory phase

161
Q

Name the day(s) of each phase in the menstrual cycle
Menstrual phase
Follicular phase
Proliferative phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase

A

MP - Days 1-4
FP - Days 1-13
PP - Days 5-13
O - Day 14
LP - Days 15-28

162
Q

This phase is days 1-5 with a 1-4 mm thick endo

A

Menstural phase

163
Q

This phase is days 5-13, corresponds with follicular phase, thin endo, and increased estrogen levels

A

Proliferate phase

164
Q

This phase is days 15-28 and corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Secretory/luteal phase

165
Q

Ruptured follicles become

A

Corpus luteum

166
Q

This secretes progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

167
Q

Name the 4 phases of the mesntrual cycle

A

Menstrual phase
Follicular phase
Ovulation phase
Luteal phase

168
Q

Draw the 3 looks/appearances of the endometrium

A

Look at slide 75

169
Q

Right after menses the endometrium will appear ____ and will be __-__ mm

A

Homogenous
1-4 mm

170
Q

Proliferative phase the endo will appear with a ____ ___ and will be ___ - ___

A

Triple layer
7-10 mm

171
Q

Luteal phase the endo will appear with a ___ and __ - __

A

Hyperechogenic
8-16 mm

172
Q

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum in what part of the cycle

A

second half of cycle

173
Q

This hormone helps prep and maintain the endo for the arrival and implantation of an embryo

A

Progesterone

174
Q

What is the main function of progesterone

A
  1. induce secretry activity in the endo glands that have been primed by e & prep a site for fertilized ovum
175
Q

Ovarian cycle governs the

A

Prep of endocrine tissues and release eggs

176
Q

At birth each ovary contains approx. _______, ______ follicles

A

200,000 primary follicles

177
Q

Absence of menstrual flow is called

A

Amenorrhea

178
Q

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle -, ____ follicles begin to grow

A

4-5, primary follicles

179
Q

On days 4-5 of the ovarian cycle one of the ____ follicles develops into a ____ follicle

A

Primary follicles –> Secondary follicle

180
Q

In the preovulatory/proliferative phase the secondary follicles mature and develop into a

A

Graafian follicle

181
Q

In the luteal phase the ruptured Graafian follicle is healed by

A

Capillary bleeding and eventually absorbed

182
Q

Cell division that results into 4 daughter cells each with 1/2 # of chromosomes of the parent cell

A

Meiosis

183
Q

If fertilization does not occur ____ ____ will usually regress by days __-__

A

Corpus luteum
26-28

184
Q

Regressed form of corpus luteum in absence of fertilization

A

Corpus Albicans

185
Q

No visible follicles transabdominally
Small follicles seen transvaginally

A

Menstrual phase

186
Q

Multiple small developing follicles
Days 8-14 will begin to see dominant follicle

A

Follicular phase

187
Q

When dominant follicle reaches 2-2.5 cm ovulation takes place within 24 hrs
Hypoechoic rim around follicle may be seen

A

Ovulation

188
Q

Phase one of the endometrial changes

A

Menses, menstrual phase

189
Q

Phase two of endometrial changes

A

Postmenstrual phase

190
Q

Phase three of endometiral changes

A

Interval, proliferative, preovulatory

191
Q

Phase 3 of endo changes corresponds to the ____ phase of uterus and ____ blood levels of ____

A

Follicular phase of uterus
High blood levels of estrogen

192
Q

Phase four of endo changes

A

Secretory

193
Q

During endo changes there may be a ____ “___”

A

Hypoechoic/Subendometrial “Halo”

194
Q

T or F:
You include the hypoechoic “halo” in your measurment

A

False

195
Q

Typically post menopause endo is less than

A

5 mm

196
Q

If a women postmenopause is on tamoxifen the endo will be

A

8-11 mm

197
Q

Most common cause of postmenopausal changes

A

Inflammation and thinning of vaginal lining

198
Q

The inflammation and thinning of vaginal or womb lining is caused by

A

Lower estrogen levels
Cervical or womb polyps

199
Q

What percentage of postmenopausal bleeding is due to cancer

A

9%

Reproductive Sonography (9 decks)

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