Male Reproductive System Flashcards
What is the primary male reproductive structure
Scrotum
The scrotum consists of a suspended
Dual-chambered sack of skin
Which testis is typically lower
Left testis
In the scrotum the contraction of this muscle adjusts it’s position in the pelvic cavity
Contraction of cremaster muscles
In young boys the scrotal layers alternate
Ridges and grooves
In older men the scrotum becomes
Elongated and flaccid
What are the 2 external layers of the scrotum
Skin and dartos tunic
What are the scrotal layers
Skin
Dartos Fascia & Muscle
External spermatic fascia
Creamasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
The dartos forms the
Median raphe
What does the tunica vaginalis separate
Scrotal alyers from tunica albuginea
What are the 3 layers of the tuncia vaginalis
Parietal
Visceral
Vaginalis Sac
What is the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis
Outer layer of vaginalis
What is the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
Inner layer of the vaginalis
What is the vaginalis sac of the tunica vaginalis
Potential space between the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis
The testis are the central to the
Function of the male repro system
What are testis responsible for
Productino of sperm cells and the male sex hormone (Testosterone)
The testis can produced how many sperm in a lifetime
How many are realized in a single ejaculation
12 Trillion sperm
400 Million sperm
What is the function of the exocrine gland for testis
Produces spermatozoa
What is the function of the endocrine gland for testis
Synthesizes and secretes testosterone
What is the usual size of the testis for the following:
Weight -
Length -
Width -
Height -
We - 12.9-19g
L - 3-5 cm
Wi - 2-4 cm
H - 3 cm
What is the usual shape of testis
Symmetric
Oval-shape
Smooth contour
The location of the each testis usually lies protected in the _____
Attached to ____ ____
Sit _____ in scrotum
Upper pole more _____
Lower pole more _____
Protected by scrotum
Attached to spermatic cord
Sit obliquely in scrotum
UP - Anterolateral
LP - Posterolateral
What is the 1st portion or outside cover of the testis
Tunica albuginea
Dense, fibrous capsule covering the tesis
Tunica albuginea
The tunica albuginea extends inward and divides
Each testis into 250-400 lobules
The lobules are internal compartments formed by
Projections of tunica albuginea
The lobules of the testes contain
Seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells
The bases of the lobules are located
Near surface and apices converge toward the mediastinum testis
The tesis is divided internally into about how many compartments
250
Each compartment on the testes contain - small convoluted ____ ____ within which _____ are produced
1-3 small convoluted seminiferous tubules within which spermatozoa are produced
This produced sperm
Seminiferous tubules
Sperm moves through the seminiferous convoluted tubules to the ___ ___ which leads to ____ ____
Straight tubules
Leads to rete testis
Network of channels and cavities formed by seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
Anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle
Rete testis
The rete testis drains/carries sperm from tests into ____ ____ which drain into ____ that form the _____ head
Efferent ducts
Drain into tubules
Form epididymal head
How does rete testis appear sonographically
Replace and enlarge?
Multiple small cystic or tubular anechoic structures
Testicular mediastinum
Thickened portion of albuginea
Mediastinum testes
Where is the mediastinum testes located
In hilum of the testis
How does mediastinum testes appear sonographically
Thin echogenic/hyperechoic band
This is an anomaly of the testes
Appendix testis (Hydatid of Morgangi)
The appendix testis is a remnant of
Paramesonephric duct in males (Müllerian duct)
T or F:
Appendix testis degenerates
True
The appendix testis is ___ (Rare or common) and can become ____
Rare, can become torsed
1/3 of patients with appendix testis present with a
Palpable “blue dot” discoloration on the scrotum
What is the pathway of sperm
Testis -> Epididymis -> Vas deference -> Ejaculatory duct -> Urethra
What does the spermatic cord consist of
Vas deferens
3 arteries
Pampiniform plexus
Lymphatics
What are the 3 arteries in the spermatic cord
Testicular
Cremasteric
Deferential
The spermatic cord will be seen on U/S as a tubular ____ structure in ______ tissue of the ____ canal
Echogenic structure
Subcutaneous tissue
Inguinal canal
Spermatic cord is a supporting structure of the
Testes
What is the function of the spermatic cord
Suspend the testis in the scrotum
Contain structres running to and from testis
Where does the spermatic cord travel through
Inguinal canal
Where does the vas deferens emerge from
Tail of epididymis
The vas deferens transmits mature ____ to the ___ ___ and ____
Sperm to the ejaculatory duct and urethra
Where is the location of the vas deferens?
Runs through ___
Location ___
Runs through spermatic cord
Located posterior surface of the bladder
What is the terminal portion of the vas deferns called
Ampulla
The ampulla of the vas deferens joins the ?
Forms the ?
Joins the duct of the seminal vesicle
Forms the ejaculatory duct
Pair of tube-like glands
Seminal vesicles
Where are the seminal vesicles located
Behind bladder
T or F:
Seminal vesicles are straight
F
Curled up
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
Productino of fluid that mixes with sperm and makes up significant % of semen
The fluid produced by the seminal vesicle is rich in
Sugars
Proteins
Citric acid
Inorganic phosphorus
Potassium
Prostaglandin
The fluid produced by the seminal vesicles is desgined to feed the
Sperm
The ejaculatory duct is the union of the
Vas deferns and the seminal vesicle duct
The ejaculatory ducts pass through the ?
And empties into the ?
Posterior surface of the prostate
Empties into the urethra at the colliculus seminalis
In the ejaculatory ducts the semen passes through the ___ urethra through the ___ and exists the body via the ____
Prostatic urethra, ducts, penis
Connected to th etesticle and overlies it like a cap
Epididymis
What is the coma of the epididymis
Shaped and curves along the posterior border of the testis
What is the usual length of the epididymis
6 cm
Laterally a groove lies between the testis and the epididymis and is lined by the
Tunica vaginalis
What is the usual size of the head (Globus major) of the epididymis
10-12 mm
What is the usual size of the body (corpus) of the epididymis
< 4mm
What is the usual size of the tail (Globus minor)
< 4mm
What is the usual shape of the head of the epididymis
Triangular with smooth edges
What is the usual shape od the body of the epididymis
Elongated structure
What is the usual shape of the tail of the epididymis
Tapered end of the body
What is the location of the head of the epididymis
Directly on?
Lateral to?
Directly on upper pole of testis
Lateral to superior pole of testis
What is the location of the body of the epididymis
Along posterior lateral aspect of testicle
What is the location of the tail of the epididymis
Curved structure at inferior aspect of the testicle
What are the 3 arteries that supply the testes and where they arise from
Testicular artery - Aorta
Cremasteric artery - Branch of inferior epigastric artery
Deferential artery - Superior vesical artery
The veins drain the testis and exit at the
Mediastinum
What are the veins apart of male repro system
Right and left testicular veins
The right testicular veins drain into the
IVC
The left testicular vein drains into the
Left renal vein
When is human chorionic gonadotropin increased
Seminoma
Embryonal tumor of testes
When is testosterone increased
Testicular tumor
Adrenal hyperplasia
Benign or malignant adrenal tumor
When is testosterone decreased
Orchiectomy
Testicular/Prostate carcinoma
Cirrhosis
Primary or secondary hypogonadism
Principle androgen secreted by Leydig cells
Testosterone
Induces male puberty
Testosterone
Maintains male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
Increases pituitary secretion of FSh or production of gonadotropin by tumors can raise levels in blood
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Found in prostate gland and semen in high concentrations
Acid Phosphatase
Produced by osteoblasts
Alkaline Phosphatase
Enzyme whose purpose is to break down coagulated semen
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
When is acid phospahte elevated
Carcinoma has spread beyond prostate capsule
What is alkaline phosphatase associated with
Bony metastases
When is Prostate Specific Antigen elevated
BPH - Benign Portal Hypertrophy
Infection
Carcinoma
High risk of spreading
What is the sonographic apperance of the scrotum
Tunica vaginalis?
2-8 mm thick, Can appear as vag stripe
Can contain few cc of fluid
How do the testes appear sonographically
Homogeneous with medium level echoes
Smooth wall
T or F:
Testis & epididymis should be compared in size & echogenicity
True
How does the mediastinum testis appear sonographically
Highly echogenic
Linear structure peripherally located in posterior-superior aspect of testis
How does the appendix testes appear sonographically
Small ovoid structure beneath head of epididymis
How do the head, body, and tail of the epididymis appear sonographically
H - Isoechoic/slightly more echogenic than tesis
B - Isoechoic/slightly less echogenic than head & testes
T - Slightly thicker than body
Form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to semen
Vasectomy
What are the indications of an U/S exam for men
Scrotal pain
Palpable mass
Enlargement
Trauma
Undescended testicle
Infertility
Primary tumor
