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Reproductive Sonography > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary male reproductive structure

A

Scrotum

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2
Q

The scrotum consists of a suspended

A

Dual-chambered sack of skin

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3
Q

Which testis is typically lower

A

Left testis

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4
Q

In the scrotum the contraction of this muscle adjusts it’s position in the pelvic cavity

A

Contraction of cremaster muscles

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5
Q

In young boys the scrotal layers alternate

A

Ridges and grooves

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6
Q

In older men the scrotum becomes

A

Elongated and flaccid

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7
Q

What are the 2 external layers of the scrotum

A

Skin and dartos tunic

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8
Q

What are the scrotal layers

A

Skin
Dartos Fascia & Muscle
External spermatic fascia
Creamasteric fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea

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9
Q

The dartos forms the

A

Median raphe

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10
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis separate

A

Scrotal alyers from tunica albuginea

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11
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tuncia vaginalis

A

Parietal
Visceral
Vaginalis Sac

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12
Q

What is the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis

A

Outer layer of vaginalis

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13
Q

What is the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

A

Inner layer of the vaginalis

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14
Q

What is the vaginalis sac of the tunica vaginalis

A

Potential space between the 2 layers of the tunica vaginalis

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15
Q

The testis are the central to the

A

Function of the male repro system

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16
Q

What are testis responsible for

A

Productino of sperm cells and the male sex hormone (Testosterone)

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17
Q

The testis can produced how many sperm in a lifetime
How many are realized in a single ejaculation

A

12 Trillion sperm
400 Million sperm

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18
Q

What is the function of the exocrine gland for testis

A

Produces spermatozoa

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19
Q

What is the function of the endocrine gland for testis

A

Synthesizes and secretes testosterone

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20
Q

What is the usual size of the testis for the following:
Weight -
Length -
Width -
Height -

A

We - 12.9-19g
L - 3-5 cm
Wi - 2-4 cm
H - 3 cm

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21
Q

What is the usual shape of testis

A

Symmetric
Oval-shape
Smooth contour

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22
Q

The location of the each testis usually lies protected in the _____
Attached to ____ ____
Sit _____ in scrotum
Upper pole more _____
Lower pole more _____

A

Protected by scrotum
Attached to spermatic cord
Sit obliquely in scrotum
UP - Anterolateral
LP - Posterolateral

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23
Q

What is the 1st portion or outside cover of the testis

A

Tunica albuginea

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24
Q

Dense, fibrous capsule covering the tesis

A

Tunica albuginea

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25
Q

The tunica albuginea extends inward and divides

A

Each testis into 250-400 lobules

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26
Q

The lobules are internal compartments formed by

A

Projections of tunica albuginea

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27
Q

The lobules of the testes contain

A

Seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells

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28
Q

The bases of the lobules are located

A

Near surface and apices converge toward the mediastinum testis

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29
Q

The tesis is divided internally into about how many compartments

A

250

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30
Q

Each compartment on the testes contain - small convoluted ____ ____ within which _____ are produced

A

1-3 small convoluted seminiferous tubules within which spermatozoa are produced

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31
Q

This produced sperm

A

Seminiferous tubules

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32
Q

Sperm moves through the seminiferous convoluted tubules to the ___ ___ which leads to ____ ____

A

Straight tubules
Leads to rete testis

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33
Q

Network of channels and cavities formed by seminiferous tubules

A

Rete testis

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34
Q

Anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle

A

Rete testis

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35
Q

The rete testis drains/carries sperm from tests into ____ ____ which drain into ____ that form the _____ head

A

Efferent ducts
Drain into tubules
Form epididymal head

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36
Q

How does rete testis appear sonographically
Replace and enlarge?

A

Multiple small cystic or tubular anechoic structures
Testicular mediastinum

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37
Q

Thickened portion of albuginea

A

Mediastinum testes

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38
Q

Where is the mediastinum testes located

A

In hilum of the testis

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39
Q

How does mediastinum testes appear sonographically

A

Thin echogenic/hyperechoic band

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40
Q

This is an anomaly of the testes

A

Appendix testis (Hydatid of Morgangi)

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41
Q

The appendix testis is a remnant of

A

Paramesonephric duct in males (Müllerian duct)

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42
Q

T or F:
Appendix testis degenerates

A

True

43
Q

The appendix testis is ___ (Rare or common) and can become ____

A

Rare, can become torsed

44
Q

1/3 of patients with appendix testis present with a

A

Palpable “blue dot” discoloration on the scrotum

45
Q

What is the pathway of sperm

A

Testis -> Epididymis -> Vas deference -> Ejaculatory duct -> Urethra

46
Q

What does the spermatic cord consist of

A

Vas deferens
3 arteries
Pampiniform plexus
Lymphatics

47
Q

What are the 3 arteries in the spermatic cord

A

Testicular
Cremasteric
Deferential

48
Q

The spermatic cord will be seen on U/S as a tubular ____ structure in ______ tissue of the ____ canal

A

Echogenic structure
Subcutaneous tissue
Inguinal canal

49
Q

Spermatic cord is a supporting structure of the

A

Testes

50
Q

What is the function of the spermatic cord

A

Suspend the testis in the scrotum
Contain structres running to and from testis

51
Q

Where does the spermatic cord travel through

A

Inguinal canal

52
Q

Where does the vas deferens emerge from

A

Tail of epididymis

53
Q

The vas deferens transmits mature ____ to the ___ ___ and ____

A

Sperm to the ejaculatory duct and urethra

54
Q

Where is the location of the vas deferens?
Runs through ___
Location ___

A

Runs through spermatic cord
Located posterior surface of the bladder

55
Q

What is the terminal portion of the vas deferns called

A

Ampulla

56
Q

The ampulla of the vas deferens joins the ?
Forms the ?

A

Joins the duct of the seminal vesicle
Forms the ejaculatory duct

57
Q

Pair of tube-like glands

A

Seminal vesicles

58
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located

A

Behind bladder

59
Q

T or F:
Seminal vesicles are straight

A

F
Curled up

60
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles

A

Productino of fluid that mixes with sperm and makes up significant % of semen

61
Q

The fluid produced by the seminal vesicle is rich in

A

Sugars
Proteins
Citric acid
Inorganic phosphorus
Potassium
Prostaglandin

62
Q

The fluid produced by the seminal vesicles is desgined to feed the

A

Sperm

63
Q

The ejaculatory duct is the union of the

A

Vas deferns and the seminal vesicle duct

64
Q

The ejaculatory ducts pass through the ?
And empties into the ?

A

Posterior surface of the prostate
Empties into the urethra at the colliculus seminalis

65
Q

In the ejaculatory ducts the semen passes through the ___ urethra through the ___ and exists the body via the ____

A

Prostatic urethra, ducts, penis

66
Q

Connected to th etesticle and overlies it like a cap

A

Epididymis

67
Q

What is the coma of the epididymis

A

Shaped and curves along the posterior border of the testis

68
Q

What is the usual length of the epididymis

A

6 cm

69
Q

Laterally a groove lies between the testis and the epididymis and is lined by the

A

Tunica vaginalis

70
Q

What is the usual size of the head (Globus major) of the epididymis

A

10-12 mm

71
Q

What is the usual size of the body (corpus) of the epididymis

A

< 4mm

72
Q

What is the usual size of the tail (Globus minor)

A

< 4mm

73
Q

What is the usual shape of the head of the epididymis

A

Triangular with smooth edges

74
Q

What is the usual shape od the body of the epididymis

A

Elongated structure

75
Q

What is the usual shape of the tail of the epididymis

A

Tapered end of the body

76
Q

What is the location of the head of the epididymis
Directly on?
Lateral to?

A

Directly on upper pole of testis
Lateral to superior pole of testis

77
Q

What is the location of the body of the epididymis

A

Along posterior lateral aspect of testicle

78
Q

What is the location of the tail of the epididymis

A

Curved structure at inferior aspect of the testicle

79
Q

What are the 3 arteries that supply the testes and where they arise from

A

Testicular artery - Aorta
Cremasteric artery - Branch of inferior epigastric artery
Deferential artery - Superior vesical artery

80
Q

The veins drain the testis and exit at the

A

Mediastinum

81
Q

What are the veins apart of male repro system

A

Right and left testicular veins

82
Q

The right testicular veins drain into the

A

IVC

83
Q

The left testicular vein drains into the

A

Left renal vein

84
Q

When is human chorionic gonadotropin increased

A

Seminoma
Embryonal tumor of testes

85
Q

When is testosterone increased

A

Testicular tumor
Adrenal hyperplasia
Benign or malignant adrenal tumor

86
Q

When is testosterone decreased

A

Orchiectomy
Testicular/Prostate carcinoma
Cirrhosis
Primary or secondary hypogonadism

87
Q

Principle androgen secreted by Leydig cells

A

Testosterone

88
Q

Induces male puberty

A

Testosterone

89
Q

Maintains male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

90
Q

Increases pituitary secretion of FSh or production of gonadotropin by tumors can raise levels in blood

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

91
Q

Found in prostate gland and semen in high concentrations

A

Acid Phosphatase

92
Q

Produced by osteoblasts

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

93
Q

Enzyme whose purpose is to break down coagulated semen

A

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

94
Q

When is acid phospahte elevated

A

Carcinoma has spread beyond prostate capsule

95
Q

What is alkaline phosphatase associated with

A

Bony metastases

96
Q

When is Prostate Specific Antigen elevated

A

BPH - Benign Portal Hypertrophy
Infection
Carcinoma
High risk of spreading

97
Q

What is the sonographic apperance of the scrotum
Tunica vaginalis?

A

2-8 mm thick, Can appear as vag stripe
Can contain few cc of fluid

98
Q

How do the testes appear sonographically

A

Homogeneous with medium level echoes
Smooth wall

99
Q

T or F:
Testis & epididymis should be compared in size & echogenicity

A

True

100
Q

How does the mediastinum testis appear sonographically

A

Highly echogenic
Linear structure peripherally located in posterior-superior aspect of testis

101
Q

How does the appendix testes appear sonographically

A

Small ovoid structure beneath head of epididymis

102
Q

How do the head, body, and tail of the epididymis appear sonographically

A

H - Isoechoic/slightly more echogenic than tesis
B - Isoechoic/slightly less echogenic than head & testes
T - Slightly thicker than body

103
Q

Form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to semen

A

Vasectomy

104
Q

What are the indications of an U/S exam for men

A

Scrotal pain
Palpable mass
Enlargement
Trauma
Undescended testicle
Infertility
Primary tumor

Reproductive Sonography (9 decks)

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