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MD2002 > Screening > Flashcards

Screening Flashcards

1
Q

List the 5 major screening programmes used on adults.

A 
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Bowel cancer
Breast cancer
Cervical cancer
Diabetic retinopathy
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2
Q

List the 3 screening programmes used during pregnancy.

A

Fetal anomaly
Infectious diseases
Sickle cell thalassaemia

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3
Q

List the 3 screening programmes used on newborns & infants.

A

Physical examination
Blood spot
Hearing

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4
Q

How often is bowel cancer screening carried out and in what age group?

A

Every 2 years

50-74

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5
Q

How often is breast cancer screening carried out and in what age group?

A

Every 3 years

50-70

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6
Q

How often is cervical cancer screening carried out and in what age group?

A

Every 3 years

20-60 (from June 2016, 25-64)

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7
Q

How often is AAA screening carried out and in what age group?

A

It is a one-off scan

65

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8
Q

How often is diabetic retinopathy screening carried out and in what age group?

A

Annually

Over and including the age of 12

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9
Q

What is screening?

A

A process of identifying apparently healthy people who may be at increased risk of a disease or condition

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10
Q

What is the main difference between screening and diagnostic testing?

A

A non-negative result on screening does not necessarily equal disease-free

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11
Q

What are the three major differences between healthcare and screening

A

Patient/NHS initiated
Symptomatic/Asymptomatic
Hope of benefit/Implied benefit

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12
Q

How would you assess the merits of a screening test?

A 
How does it perform?
- Sensitivity?
- Specificity?
When applied to population, how accurate are results achieved?
- Positive/Negative predictive value
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13
Q

What is the SENSITIVITY a measure of?

A

HOW WELL THE TEST PICKS UP HAVING THE DISEASE

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14
Q

How would you calculate the sensitivity?

A

Number of results where disease detected in people with the disease
____________________
Number of people with the disease

x100%

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15
Q

What is the SPECIFICITY a measure of?

A

HOW WELL THE TEST DETECTS NOT HAVING THE DISEASE

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16
Q

How would you calculate the specificity?

A

Number of normal results where disease is not detected in people without the disease
___________________
Number of people without the disease

x100%

17
Q

What can you say about a highly sensitive test result?

A

Picks up most of the disease

Very few false negatives

18
Q

What can you say about a highly specific test result?

A

Correctly detects no disease

Very few false positives

19
Q

What is a positive predictive value?

A

How reliable the test result is in showing that the disease is present

20
Q

How would you calculate the positive predictive value?

A

Number of people with the disease and a positive test result (i.e. showing disease presence)
___________________
Number of people with a positive test result (i.e. showing disease presence)

x100%

21
Q

What is a negative predictive value?

A

How reliable the test result is in showing that the disease is not present

22
Q

How would you calculate the negative predictive value?

A

Number of people who do not have the disease and a negative test result (i.e. showing no disease presence)
___________________
Number of people with a negative test result (i.e. showing no disease presence)

x100%

23
Q

What can the positive and negative predictive values be affected by?

A

Prevalence

24
Q

List some of the advantages associated with screening.

A 
Reduced disease incidence
Reduced disease mortality
Earlier, less radical treatment
Overall population benefit
Cost-effective
25
Q

List some of the disadvantages associated with screening.

A 
False reassurance
Over-investigation and treatment
Anxiety
Longer periods of morbidity with unaltered prognosis
Harm from screening test
Opportunity costs
26
Q

What is the ‘gold standard’ in measuring the effectiveness of screening?

A

Randomised controlled trial

27
Q

Is screening mandatory and do you as a physician need consent to carry it out?

A

No, it is not mandatory and yes, informed consent must be given prior to screening being carried out

28
Q

How would you calculate screening coverage in a population?

A

Screened population / Eligible population

x100%

29
Q

How would you calculate screening uptake of a population?

A

Screened population / Invited population

x100%

30
Q

There are challenges in getting maximum coverage and uptake of screening. How does the NHS strive to overcome these challenges?

A

Promotion of screening programme
Material in variety of languages
‘The wee C’
‘The Smear Amnesty’

MD2002 (27 decks)

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