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MD2002 > Cell Death > Flashcards

Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What can happen to mitochondria during reversible cell injury and what can this lead to?

A

Mitochondrial swelling and calcification leading to oxygen depletion & toxication

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2
Q

Will the endoplasmic reticulum constrict or dilate during cell injury?

A

Dilate

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3
Q

What will happen to ribosomes during reversible cell injury?

A

Ribosomes will become disaggregated

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4
Q

What is typical of lethal cell injury?

A

Inflammation —> necrosis

Irreversible nature

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5
Q

Where can coagulative necrosis be observed?

A 
Most tissues (firm pale area with ghost outlines)
Proteins
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6
Q

Where can colliquative necrosis be observed?

A

In the brain (dead area is liquified)

Lipids

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7
Q

Where can caseous necrosis be observed?

A

In tuberculosis (pale yellow semi-solid material)

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8
Q

Where can fibrinoid necrosis be observed?

A

Arterioles in malignant hypertension

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9
Q

Where can fat necrosis be observed?

A

Following trauma or following pancreatitis

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10
Q

What is gangrene?

A

Necrosis with putrefaction

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11
Q

Name some causes of necrosis.

A

Ischaemia
Metabolic causes
Trauma

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12
Q

How does Programmed Cell Death (PCD) differ from Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is morphological (has a set structure and form that it takes in breaking down each cell, regardless of what cell type it is

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13
Q

Give three examples of apoptosis.

A

Answers include:
Embryology and formation of lumen of tubes
Response to growth signals including the menstrual cycle
Inflammation including its resolution and the death of neutrophils
Immune defence - T and NK cell responses
Tumour prevention - prevent mutation
Autoimmune diseases and their self destructing nature
HIV AIDS

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14
Q

Does apoptosis target single cells, tissues, or organs?

A

Single cells

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15
Q

How does apoptosis target the heart of the cell?

A

Involves DNA fragmentation

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16
Q

How does extrinsic apoptosis differ from intrinsic apoptosis?

A

Activation of apoptosis is from outside the cell in extrinsic apoptosis whereas in intrinsic apoptosis, it it from the inside of the cell

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17
Q

Name some examples of intrinsic apoptosis.

A

Stress (e.g. oxidative)
DNA damage
p53
Cytochrome c leaks from mitochondrion causing caspase enzyme cascade

18
Q

Name some examples of extrinsic apoptosis.

A

Receptors
T-cell immune response
TNF family binds to reeptor, activating caspase enzyme cascade

19
Q

What is the function of p53?

A

p53 can tell a cell to repair itself, grow, or undergo apoptosis (via induced reverse transcriptase factor)

20
Q

How are the apoptotic fragments/bodies carried away from the site of apoptosis?

A

Macrophages or non-professional phagocytes (e.g. epithelial cells) recognise the fragments and immediately ingest them

21
Q

What is the function of the bcl-2 family of proteins?

A

Regulate cell death

22
Q

What types of bcl-2 family proteins are there?

A

Bcl2
BH123
BH3

23
Q

What effect do Bcl2 proteins have on apoptosis?

A

Inhibit (anti) apoptosis

24
Q

What effect do BH123 proteins have on apoptosis?

A

Allow (pro) apoptosis

25
Q

What effect do BH3 protein have on apoptosis?

A

Allow (pro) apoptosis

26
Q

Give some example of Bcl2 proteins.

A

Bcl2

Bcl-XL

27
Q

Give some examples of BH123 proteins.

A

Bax

Bak

28
Q

Give some examples of BH3 proteins

A 
Bad
Bim
Bid
Puma
Noxa
29
Q

What can abnormal (over-) expression of Bcl2 lead to?

A

Cancer

30
Q

What effect does IAP have on apoptosis?

A

Inhibits apoptosis

31
Q

What are Caspases?

A

Have cysteine in their active sites ‘C’
Cleavage after aspartate ‘asp’
Are proteases ‘ase’

32
Q

What do caspases do?

A 
Cleave ICAD (destroy genetic information)
Cleave PARP (prevent DNA repair)
Cleave lamin (break down nuclear architecture)
Cleave keratin (break down cytoplasmic architecture)
33
Q

What three factors can increase survival chances of a cell?

A

Bcl2 production increased (anti-apoptotic)
Inactivation of BH3 (pro-apoptotic)
Anti-IAP inactivation (IAP is anti-apoptosis, so destruction of anti IAP —> decreased apoptosis

34
Q

Which component can lymphoma target and disable?

A

Bcl2

35
Q

Which component can Alzheimers Disease target and disable?

A

Caspase 3

36
Q

Which component can cancer target and disable?

A

IAP

37
Q

Name three things that can happen when apoptosis goes wrong

A

Autoimmune Disease
Cancer
Neurodegeneration

38
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

Highly inflammatory form of PCD that is commonly a response to infection by intracellular pathogens

39
Q

Which ‘features’ of apoptosis are also present in necrosis?

A

Caspase 1 activation (NOT caspase 3)
Nuclear fragmentation (NOT cytoplasmic blebbing)
Pro-inflammatory

40
Q

What is anoikis?

A

PCD after losing contact with the basement membrane/ECM

MD2002 (27 decks)

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