Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2002 > Osteoporosis > Flashcards

Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

A

To give rise to osteoblasts (they are the stem cell population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Responsible for bone formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are osteoblasts located/positioned?

A

They cover the surface of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain the bone matrix through cell-cell communication and influence bone remodelling; they are also mechanosensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are osteocytes found?

A

Embedded in lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Resorb bone matrix by demineralisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are osteoclasts derived from?

A

Haematopoietic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Between what ages is bone gained?

A

0-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1 must be greater than 2 in order for bone gain to occur. What do 1 & 2 stand for?

A

1: formation
2: resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Between what ages is bone mass fairly stable?

A

25-35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Beyond what age is bone lost?

A

35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the figures for people affected by osteoporosis for men & women respectively?

A

1 in 12 men

1 in 3 women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List 3 structural differences in osteoporotic bone when compared to normal bone.

A

Decreased size of osteons (Haversian system)
Thinning of trabeculae
Enlargement of Haversian and marrow spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List some risk factors associated with osteoporosis (5).

A 
Genetic/gender
Lifestyle/nutritional
Medical conditions
Drugs
Previous fragility fracture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name two non-environmental factors that affect bone mass substantially.

A

Age

Gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List some lifestyle and nutritional risk factors of osteoporosis.

A

Smoking
Excess alcohol
Sedentary
Prolonged immobilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List 5 medical conditions that could potentially predispose to osteoporosis.

A 
Possible answers:
Annorexia nervosa
Rhumatoid arthritis
Early menopause (i.e.1 year)
Hyperthyroidism
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Multiple myeloma
Transplantation
Chronic renal, pulmonary or GI disease
Cushing's disease/syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List some drugs that could increase the risk of osteoporosis.

A

Chronic corticosteroid therapy (increase risk of fracture by 2-3x)
Excessive thyroid therapy
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist or antagonist
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What fracture type and by how much does a previous wrist fracture increase the risk of?

A

Future hip fracture: x2

Future vertebral fracture: x3

20
Q

List the 6 non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
Gender
Age
Previous fracture
Family history
Long term steroid therapy
Race
21
Q

List the 7 modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis.

A 
Oestrogen deficiency
Smoking
Alcohol
Low calcium
Low BMI
Vitamin D deficiency
Inactivity
22
Q

What is the name given to Type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Post menopausal

23
Q

What type of bone does Type 1 osteoporosis mainly affect?

A

Cancellous

24
Q

What type of bone fracture is common in Type 1 osteoporosis?

A

Vertebral fracture

Distal radius fracture

25
Q

What hormone loss is Type 1 osteoporosis related to?

A

Oestrogen

26
Q

What is the ratio of females to males that suffer from type 1 osteoporosis?

A

6:1

27
Q

What type of bone does Type 2 osteoporosis mainly affect?

A

Both cancellous & cortical bone

28
Q

What type of bone fracture is common in Type 2 osteoporosis?

A

Hip fracture

Pelvic facture

29
Q

What compound/mineral lack is Type 2 osteoporosis related to?

A

Calcium - related to poor calcium absorption

30
Q

What is the ratio of females to males that suffer from type 2 osteoporosis?

A

2:1

31
Q

What is the ‘title’ given to Type 2 osteoporosis?

A

Age related in those over 75 years

32
Q

What brings about disuse osteoporosis?

A

Not enough pressure or force is put on the bones

33
Q

What is the result of disuse osteoporosis?

A

Low energy trauma frequent

Increase in bone fragility

34
Q

Name the 4 most common sites for osteoporotic bone fracture

A

Distal radius
Neck of femur
Vertebral body
Proximal humerus

35
Q

Give the stats on hip fractures, i.e. what percentage are fatal, recover fully, are permanently disabled.

A

Fatal: 20-30%
Full Recovery: 30%
Permanent disability: 50%

36
Q

What type of investigations are carried out in diagnosis of osteoporosis?

A 
Blood tests
FBC (full blood count)
Serum biochemistry
Bone profile
Thyroid function tests
Testerostone & gonadotrophin levels (in men)
X-ray of lumbar & thoracic spine
Bone mineral density
37
Q

What is used to measure bone mineral density?

A

DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan)

Two distinct energy peaks - one absorbed by soft tissue, the other by bone

38
Q

How would you calculate Bone Mineral Density?

A

Subtract one peak from the other (from DEXA)

39
Q

With regard to DEXA scores, what is the T score?

A

A comparison with a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mass

40
Q

A T score of greater than -1 is … ?

A

Normal

41
Q

Between what T scores is a bone classes to be osteopenic (bone thinning)?

A

-1 —> -2.5

42
Q

A T score of less than -2.5 is typical of … ?

A

Osteoporosis

43
Q

What is the Z score?

A

A comparison of the patient’s bone mineral density with data from the same age/sex/size

44
Q

List the 5 forms of treatment for osteoporosis.

A 
Bisphosphonates
Anabolic Agents
Ca2+ Supplements
Hormone replacement therapy
Increase exercise
45
Q

Name 2 anabolic agents.

A

Intermittant PTH

Strontium ranelate

46
Q

Name 2 bisphosphonates.

A

Alendronate

Risedronate

47
Q

What is the function of bisphosphonates?

A

Disrupt osteoclast activity

MD2002 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions