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MD2002 > Anaemia Guided Study - IMPORTANT > Flashcards

Anaemia Guided Study - IMPORTANT Flashcards

1
Q

What must the level of haemoglobin be less than in order to be classed as anaemia (in males and females respectively)?

A

Males:

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2
Q

What are the normal ranges of RBC count in males and females respectively?

A

Males: 4.6-5.7x10^12/l
Females: 5.0-5.2x10^12/l

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3
Q

What are the normal ranges of haematocrit (Hct) in males and females respectively?

A

Males: 40-52%
Females: 36-48%

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4
Q

Other than low haemoglobin, low RBC count or low Hct percentage, what can also be a cause of anaemia (perhaps in the more spurious or relative sense)?

A

Haemodilution - too much plasma

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5
Q

What is the haematocrit (Hct)?

A

The ratio of volume of RBCs to the total blood volume

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6
Q

What is another, identical way to express haematocrit?

A

Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

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7
Q

List some symptoms of anaemia.

A 
Tiredness & fatigue
Headaches
Weakness
Light headedness/dizziness
Fainting
Breathlessness on exertion
Palpitations
Worsening ischaemic symptoms
Menstrual disturbance
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8
Q

List some non-specific signs of anaemia.

A 
Pallor
Pale conjunctiva
Pale palmar creases
Tachycardia
Postural hypotension
Signs of congestive heart failure (e.g. ankle swelling)
Murmur
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9
Q

List some signs specific to iron deficiency anaemia.

A

Brittle nails & koilonychia
Brittle hair
Angular stomasis
Glossitis

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10
Q

List some signs specific to vitamin B12 anaemia.

A

Angular stomasis

Glossitis

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11
Q

Jaundice is a tell-tale sign of what type of anaemia?

A

Haemolytic

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12
Q

Leg ulcers are common in what type of anaemia?

A

Sickle cell disease based anaemia

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13
Q

A patient is presented with bone deformities - what type of anaemia base is most probable?

A

Thalassaemia major based anaemia

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14
Q

What happens to RBCs in haemolytic anaemia and what is the result of this?

A

Destruction of RBCs is higher than the normal rate resulting in increased circulating unconjugated bilirubin (causes yellow pigment seen in jaundice)

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15
Q

What level does bilirubin need to rise above in order to prom the onset of clinical jaundice?

A

30-50um

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16
Q

Name the five main causes of anaemia and give examples of each.

A

Blood loss (acute haemorrhage, e.g. trauma)
Nutrient deficiency (iron, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency)
Chronic system disease (kidney failure or liver disease)
Immune disease (autoimmune haemolytic anaemia or transfusion reactions)
Infections (malaria, infectious mononucleosis)

17
Q

What are the normal ranges for MCV, MCH & MCHC?

A

MCV: 80-100fl
MCH: 27-13pg/cell
MCHC: 300-360g/l

18
Q

List some causes of low MCV (microcytic) anaemia.

A

Chronic blood loss
Low iron stores (due to dietary lack or malabsorption)
Thalassaemia
Lead poisoning

19
Q

List some causes of normal MCV (normocytic) anaemia.

A 
Acute blood loss
Endocrine disease
Combined deficiency
Chronic disease
Sepsis
Tumour
Aplastic anaemia
20
Q

List some causes of high MCV (macrocytosis).

A 
Megaloblastic anaemia
Hereditary anaemias
Drugs
Liver disease
Hypothyroidism
Chemotherapy
Reticulocytosis
21
Q

What is meant by pernicious anaemia?

A

Autoimmune disorder - gastric mucosa is atrophic and there is intrinsic factor deficiency, leading to malabsorption of vitamin B12.

22
Q

What is meant by megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Anaemia caused by deficiency of Vitamin B12 or Folate (folic acid) which is only obtained through the diet or via supplements; this leads to RBCs not maturing and staying in the large, nucleated form of megaloblasts, leading to macrocytosis anaemia

23
Q

What does microcytic hypochromic anaemia tell you?

A

Smaller than normal RBCs

MCHC is below normal range

24
Q

What type of anaemia might acute haemorrhage lead to?

A

Normocytic normochromic anaemia

25
Q

What type of anaemia might gradual chronic bleeding lead to?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

26
Q

Where in the body is iron mainly stored?

A

The liver & the bone marrow

27
Q

What type of anaemia results from iron deficiency regarding MCV?

A

Microcytic

28
Q

What type of anaemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency regarding MCV?

A

Macrocytic

29
Q

What type of anaemia results from folate deficiency regarding MCV?

A

Macrocytic

30
Q

What type of MCV is characteristic of haemolytic anaemia?

A

Macrocytic due to the instant need for more RBCs - they are released from the bone marrow before fully mature

31
Q

What type of MCV is associated with chronic system disease anaemia (ACD)?

A

Normocytic (& normochromic)

MD2002 (27 decks)

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