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World History Honors Semester 2 > Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment > Flashcards

Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Revolution background: Copernicus

A

-Heliocentric theory-> sun centered, challenged church

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2
Q

Scientific Revolution background: How did Renaissance/reformation influence scientific revolution

A

-Questioning

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3
Q

Scientific Revolution background: How did Age of European Exploration influence scientific revolution

A

-New people/land-> new truths to be discovered about the world

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4
Q

Scientific Revolution background: Kepler

A

-3 laws that govern planetary motion, showed planets move in elliptical motion, mathematically demonstrated planets move around the sun

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5
Q

Scientific Revolution background: Galileo

A

-Built telescope, Jupiter 4 moons, moon has rough surface, sun has dark spots, trouble with church

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6
Q

Bacon

A

-Experimental method: experiment and then draw conclusions

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7
Q

Descartes

A

-Developed analytical geometry and philosophy

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8
Q

Newton

A
  • All physical objects were affected equally by the same forces
  • Law of universal gravitation-> every object in the universe attracts every other object, degree depends on the mass of the objects and the distance between them
  • Law of motion
  • Law of enertia
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9
Q

Zacharias Janssen

A

-Made first microscope

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10
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

-Used microscope to observe bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings, examined red blood cells

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11
Q

Evangelista Torricelli

A

-Developed the first mercury barometer-> measure atmospheric pressure and predicts weather

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12
Q

Gabriel Fahrenhiet/Anders Celcius

A
  • Made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass-> water freezes at 32 degreees
  • Another scale for mercury thermometer-> water freezes at 0
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13
Q

Andreas Veralius

A

-Found human anatomy was not like other animals, dissected human corpses and published observations

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14
Q

Edward Jenner

A

-Introduced vaccine to prevent small pox for humans

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15
Q

Robert Boyle

A
  • Pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry
  • Father of modern chemistry
  • Proposed that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together in different ways
  • Boyles law-> how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other
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16
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A
  • Was in English civil war-> pointless, many people died
  • Says people are terrible naturally
  • Leviathon (sea monster, said all governments should have one)
  • Hand over rights to strong rulers to escape solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and they got aw and order-> social contract
  • Ruler should have total power and control
17
Q

John Locke

A
  • Was alike during glorious revolution
  • Natural rights-> when born
  • People learn from experience and improve themselves
  • Life, liberty, and property
  • All people were born free and equal
  • Government power comes from the consent of the people
18
Q

Philosophy: Philosophies

A
  • French word for philosopher
  • Social critics
  • Though people could apply reason/logic to all aspects of their lives-> Locke
19
Q

Philosophy: Happiness

A

-Pursue happiness now (not afterlife)

20
Q

Philosophy: Reason

A

-Uncover universal or natural truths

21
Q

Philosophy: Liberty

A
  • Freedom
  • Individual freedoms
  • England-> Bill of Rights
  • Glorious revolution
22
Q

Philosophy: Progress

A

-Individually and as a society

23
Q

Philosophy: NAture

A

-Nature is good and reasonable

24
Q

Voltaire

A
  • Freedom of religion
  • Made many political essays, philosophy, and drama-> books
  • Used Satine against his opponents. Made frequent targets of the clergy, the aristocracy and the government
  • Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech
  • Twice imprisoned and once exiled
25
Q

Baron De Montesquieu

A
  • Devoted himself to the study of political liberty
  • Believed Britain was the best-governed and most politically balanced country of his day
  • Book “On the spirit of Laws”
  • Advocated a separation of powers- Executive branch (enforce laws), Legislative branch (Make laws), and judicial branch (interpret laws)
26
Q

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A
  • Natural inequality-> can’t do anything about it-> height, strength, speed, etc
  • Won recognition as a writer of essays
  • Wrote “The social contract”- very different from Hobbes
  • According to Rousseau it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and government
  • Like democracy
27
Q

Cesare Beccaria

A
  • Italian philosophe- believed that laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
  • Criticized torturing of witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials, and punishments that were arbitrary or cruel
  • Believed in a speedy trial and that torture should never be used, the degree of punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime, and that capital punishment should be abolished
28
Q

Mary Astell

A
  • Wrote “A serious proposal to the ladies”
  • Her book addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women
  • Used enlightenment arguments about government to criticize the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage
29
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A
  • Argued that women, like men, need education to become virtuous and useful
  • Urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics
30
Q

Emilie du Chatlet

A
  • Aristocrat trained as a mathematician and physicist
  • Translated Newton’s work from Latin into French
  • Helped stimulate interest in Science in France
31
Q

Adam Smith

A
  • Scottish economist, wrote “The Wealth of Nations”
  • Said there were three natural laws of economics:
    • The law of self-interest-> people work for their own good
    • The law of supply and demand-> Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy
    • Capitalism
32
Q

What was an enlightenment salon

A
  • Ideas of Enlightenment were spread and debunked in the mansions of wealthy women ans they were called salons
  • Philosophes, writers, artists, scientists orgers discussed ideas
33
Q

Denis Discord

A
  • Created large set of books that many heading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it the encyclopedia
  • wrote down everything that we know
  • Enlightenment ideas->democracy, liberty, so it angered the church and monarchy
  • Diderot was imprisoned
34
Q

What did it mean to be an enlightened despot

A

-Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the spirit of englightenment

35
Q

Fredrick II

A 
-Wanted to reform Prussia
Pros:
-Religious freedoms
-Reduced censorship
-Abolished the use of torture
-Called himself a servant pf the state

Cons:
-Didn’t change serfdom

36
Q

Catherine the Great pros or cons

A

Pros:

  • Agreed with Religious toleration
  • Agreed with Abolishing torture and capital punishment
  • Formed a commission to look at abuses
  • Sought to reform Russia

Cons:

  • Her commissions did’t do much
  • Gave powers to nobles
37
Q

Can monarchs be enlightened

A

Monarchs can support some ideas, but not all->democracy

World History Honors Semester 2 (8 decks)

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