Scientific Revolution and Human Body

Question 1

What did Gutenberg make

Answer 1

Printing press

• stamp large number for cheap
• better illustrations

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

On the motions of heavenly bodies

-heliocentric model of solar system (planets revolve around sun)

Question 3

Johannes Kepler

Answer 3

• orbits are ellipses not circles

- later explained by Newton

Question 4

Galileo Galilei

Answer 4

• first to use telescope
• discovered sunspots
• celestial imperfections
• mountains on moon
• jupiter’s moons

Question 5

Newton

Answer 5

• universe operates according to simple, universal, quantitative laws
• explained ellipses
• v influential, science started to try and find laws

Question 6

Leonardo Da Vinci

Answer 6

• incorporated art into anatomy
• dissected/vivisected animals
• collected fossils (extinct organisms)

Question 7

Versailles

Answer 7

• published first quality book on the human body (on the fabric of the human body). Anatomical correctness and high quality images.
• did dissections with Jacob Sylvius (A Gatenist). This made him skeptical about galen anatomy

Question 8

seven sections of versailles book

Answer 8

1. Skeleton
2. Muscles
3. Abdominal Viscera
4. Thoracic Viscera
5. Brain and Eyes
6. Nervous System
7. Vascular System

Question 9

Versalius’ Teachings

Answer 9

• biased toward male body
• only taught in winter to avoid infections
• robbed graves

Question 10

Versailles vs. Galen

Answer 10

• Verailles anatomy went beyond Galen
• Galen was better at physiology
• Versalus didn’t propose circulation of the blood
• Versalus accepted Galen’s physiology: the body is perfectly designed by god
• Versailles book was denounced by Galenists

Question 11

Servetus

Answer 11

• proposed double circulation
• 2 heart beats
• pass to capillary beds
• no pores separating R and L ventricles
• Artery is huge, lungs could not consume all that blood
• Difference in blood colour

Question 12

Servetus Book

Answer 12

Burnt at the stake because of controversial views

Question 13

Colombo

Answer 13

• presented statement of pulmonary circulation

- book called “posthumous publication”

Question 14

Fabrici

Answer 14

• interest in vascular
• one way flow in veins
• book “on the valves of the veins”
• uni padua

Question 15

William Harvey

Answer 15

• concluded that blood circulates via the pulmonary circuit AND the systemic circuit
  book: “on the movement of the heart and blood
• experimental and quantitative biology
• highlighted mechanical aspects and organism function
• suggested blood transfusion for blood loss
• thought the blood differed in colours because different functions
• highlighted problems in Galen physiology

Question 16

Harvey’s Observations/Arguments

Answer 16

• valves = one way flow
• if you tie an artery the same side as heart, you will get bulge of blood
• 2 oz blood/heartbeat, 600lbs/hr. Cannot synthesize this much. Must go in a circuit

Question 17

Mechanism

Answer 17

living processes are fundamental laws of physics, mechanics and chemistry
-required experiments (good)

Question 18

Vitalism

Answer 18

Living processes depend on vital force not explained by physical, mechanical or chemical terms

Question 19

Descartes

Answer 19

• mechanisms involved physics and engineering but not chemistry
• inspired by pressure/flow of Harvey’s work
• humans are mechanisms with a soul
• animals are mechanisms without a soul
• the universe is a mechanical system
• digestion of food might be mechanical

Question 20

Giovanni Borelli

Answer 20

• digestion includes the mechanical pulverization of food

- experimented with turkey gut