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Biology 400 > L02 Darwin > Flashcards

L02 Darwin Flashcards

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1
Q

How long was the change over (from not believing in evolution to believing)

A

10-20 years

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2
Q

What did Darwin kill in biology

A
  • essentialism

- teleological explanation

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3
Q

what was Darwin’s reasonable mechanism for evolution?

A

natural selection

-unlike Lamarck and chambers who had a good reason to think evolution happened but didn’t have good mechanisms

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4
Q

How did Darwin explain design and purpose of organisms

A
  • in a natural way
  • movement of function and purpose
  • banished teleological explanation
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5
Q

What did his father send him to school for?

A
  • University of Edinburgh to study medicine
  • he was horrified by surgery and lectures
  • liked chemistry
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6
Q

What did Darwin then become interested in?

A
  • natural history

- geology

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7
Q

Tried to become part of the ____

A

clergy (cambridge)

-did not take this seriously but read Paley’s natural history. This started his interest in functional biology

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8
Q

What was his role on the Beagle?

A
  • said that he was the ships naturalist

- this was doubted, might just have been the captains social companion

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9
Q

Why did the captain need a companion?

A
  • captain would not interact with the crew much due to intellectual gaps
  • high suicide rates
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10
Q

Who did he marry and where did he move to

A

Emma Wedgewood, moved to Down House (London)

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11
Q

What did he publish while in london?

A
  1. The Voyage of the Beagle
  2. 5 volume work on the vertebrates he collected
  3. The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
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12
Q

What was evolution called when Darwin started thinking about it (secretly)

A

species transmutation

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13
Q

Possible causes for Darwin’s Sickness

A
  1. Chagas’ Disease: transmitted from a beetle that he recorded as biting him
  2. Crohn’s Disease
  3. Psychosomatic: caused by internal conflict/stress. Terrified of the response to his ideas.
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14
Q

What kind of scientist did Darwin consider himself as

A

-Geologist, not Biologist

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15
Q

What was his first scientific book on

A

-structure/distribution of coral reefs

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16
Q

What did Darwin study for 8 years at Down House

A

barnacles

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17
Q

Darwin’s main book on evolution

A

The origin of species

18
Q

how long before the publication of “the origin of species” did Darwin start thinking about evolution

A

23 years

  • July 1873
  • Darwin began a notebook on species transformation, the observations and material he had gathered on his voyage convinced him that evolution occurs
19
Q

How did he search for a cause of evolutionary change

A

-wondered what natural phenomenon could select for certain inherited traits the way artificial selection (plant/animal breeding by humans) could

20
Q

What did Darwin decide was the cause for evolutionary change

A
  • adaptation to the environment

- called it ‘natural selection’ or ‘contrast artificial selection’

21
Q

Why did Darwin keep sketch and essay a secret?

A
  • was too short wanted it to be longer
  • wanted to become expert before publishing such a radical idea
  • same year Chamber’s vestiges was published, didn’t want to be the centre of arguments
22
Q

Who encouraged Darwin to write 1000 page book “Natural Selection”

A

Hooker and Lyell
Hooker: convinced
Lyell: not convinced but thought that evolutionary ideas were important

23
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace do?

A
  • wrote brief outline of evolution and sent it to Darwin for his opinion
  • unaware that Darwin had been working on same issue
  • Darwin realized he had been scooped
24
Q

What was Alfred Russel Wallace’s outline on

A
  • a discontinuity of the flora and fauna past a specific area
  • now understand that this is continental drift
25
Q

What 3 papers were read at a meeting after Darwin had realized he had been scooped

A
  • 5 page summary of Darwin’s ideas
  • Copy of Darwin’s letter to Asa Gray from 1857 to show he had not stolen Wallace’s ideas
  • Wallace’s paper
26
Q

What did Darwin write when he abandoned “Natural Selection”

A

“The Origin of Species”

-shorter presentation, written when he was in bad health

27
Q

What was the “Origin of Species” mainly about

A
  • artificial selection
  • natural selection
  • common descent explaining similarities in systematic groupings, embryological similarities, vestigial organs, geographic distribution of organisms and fossil sequences in the stratigraphical column
28
Q

What did Darwin propose as causes of evolutionary change

A
  1. Natural selection
    - -> seen lots of different breeding
    - -> did not know anything about genetic variance so what caused variance was a mystery to him
  2. Use and Disuse
    - -> accepted some of Lamarckian inheritance. Didn’t think it was the main force but thought it was possible to lose traits based on disuse
29
Q

Types of variation

A
  1. Sports: large and conspicuous barriers.
    - -> an animal that is different from another in its species
  2. Individual Variation: refers to variation that is small and incremental (now referred to as continuous variation)
30
Q

Darwin’s view on heredity

A
  • thought there were hereditary particles in the body called gemmules
  • carried the experience of parents
  • his genetics were the weak part of the argument
31
Q

Two debates that arose because of Darwin

A
  1. Whether Darwin was correct or not

2. If he was correct, what the meaning of evolution might mean for society, morality, and philosophy

32
Q

Fleeming Jenkin

A

Said that Darwinian evolution is inconsistent with what is known about heredity and the nature of species
-thought heredity couldn’t vary past a limit of an average like the centre of a sphere (essentialism thinking)

33
Q

Fleeming Jenkins view of large genetic variants (sports)

A
  • Blended inheritance, didn’t think that selection could happen as there would be no organisms that resembled the parent as they would all move to uniformity.
  • Large genetics spots blended out
34
Q

Darwins responses to Fleeming Jenkin

A

-refuted analogy of spare as perhaps the sphere can move so maybe so that the variation was not outside the limit

35
Q

A.W Bennet

A
  • Natural selection cannot fashion complicated adaptations requiring many steps
  • Depended on each variance having advantage over existing variance
36
Q

Darwin’s Response to A.W Bennett

A
  • wrote book on the butterflies in the amazon river
  • pierids butterflies living with toxic heliconid butterflies. Pierids mimicked the heliconid butterflies (over all variation)
37
Q

A.W Bennets response to the butterfly rebuttal

A
  • how long would it take to go from one phenotype to the other
  • would each step confer with selective advantage to the mimic?

Darwin couldn’t rebuttal this but was later shown that these small events would be important

38
Q

Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)

A
  • Earth has not been habitable for long enough for Darwin evolution to have occurred to reach the variation that is currently seen
  • Sun doesn’t have enough energy reserves to have existed for that long
  • estimated that gravitational collapsed (causing sun to burn) has been occurring for 20-40 million years
39
Q

Darwin rebuttle to Lord Kelvin

A

-maybe if the earth was more violent in its early life then evolution would have been accelerated

40
Q

What happened in 1900’s

A

-Darwinism is dead. Darwinism refers to natural selection (not evolution, evolution was accepted)

Biology 400 (13 decks)

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