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Biology 400 > N02 Heredity > Flashcards

N02 Heredity Flashcards

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1
Q

Sources of ancient hereditary ideas

A
  1. Hippocrates - pangenesis (hereditary particles passed to children from sex organs)
  2. Aristotle: potentiality + form = actuality
  3. Bible - experiences of the mother during pregnancy will affect the offspring
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2
Q

Joseph Merrick

A
  • believed to be case of maternal impression
  • mothers experience with elephants caused her soon to appear the way he did
  • elephant man
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3
Q

Hybridizations of different animals

A
  • thought that weird hybridizations of different animals would yield offspring that are intermediate in appearance
    (ex. camels + leapords = giraffes)
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4
Q

Where does the concept of genetic purity come from

A

essentialism

-no geneticists talk about genetic purity

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5
Q

Ancient debate on inheritance

A

-is inheritance the transmission of pre existing form (preformationism) or is it the ability to create form (epigenetics)

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6
Q

Blending inheritance

A
  • hybrid of the parents

- red and white flowers create pink offspring

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7
Q

Augustinian order in Brno

A

community of scholars that Mendel joined after he ran out of money in uni

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8
Q

When did Mendel perform his pea experiments and what did it require

A

late 1850 to early 1860’s.

  • required immense amounts of data
  • published in 1866
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9
Q

What were Mendel’s setbacks

A
  • didn’t receive a lot of recognition
  • tried and failed to replicate his experiment with other plants
  • selection for position at the monastery where he wasn’t able to pursue his work following his short scientific career
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10
Q

What did Mendel observe in his hybridizations of pea lines with different traits

A

segregation of traits

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11
Q

what is segregation of traits

A

uniform parents could give differing progeny (opposite of hybridization)
-2 purple parents can produce white offspring

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12
Q

Had segregation of traits been observed before and what was different about Mendel

A

yes, but Mendel actually counted the progeny and tried to derive an abstract model to explain how the numbers work

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13
Q

Mendel’s explanation for the segregation of traits

A
  • particulate inheritance
  • hereditary factors are distinct indivisible entities (not continuous)
  • traits of parents to not mush together (discrete and upheld through generations)
  • differed from blending and pangenesis model
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14
Q

What did Mendel observe but not name?

A
  • independent assortment

- whether one trait was inherited independently of another trait

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15
Q

Who did Mendel’s work interest once published

A

Karl Nageli

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16
Q

What did Nageli suggest

A

-suggested that Mendel repeat his work with a different plant

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17
Q

What plant did Nageli suggest?

Was this a good suggestion? Why?

A

Hawkweed

-terrible suggestion, this plant is not sexual. Get flowers but no sexual function. Mendel’s results were not repeated.

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18
Q

What did Nageli study?

A
  • worked on cell theory

- saw that cells only come from preexisting cells

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19
Q

Other models of inheritance of the late 19th century

A
  1. Darwin’s pangenesis with gemmules
  2. Germplasm theory
  3. The biometrical approach
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20
Q

Difference between Darwin’s pangenesis and Mendel’s model

A

-gemmules, was a particulate model (like Mendel). But Darwin’s gemmules changed over an individual’s life (natural selection) unlike Mendel’s particles

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21
Q

Who is credited with Germplasm theory

A

-August Weismann

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22
Q

What did August Weismann distinguish between

A

2 kinds of cells in genetics:

  1. Germplasm
  2. Somatoplasm

(germplasm: sex cells responsible for generational continuity, somatoplasm: rest of cells in our body, not passed to offspring)

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23
Q

Similarites between Mendel’s and Weismann’s inheritance theory

A

-both involved particles rather than fluids

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24
Q

Where did Weismann think these hereditary particles were found?

A
  • on chromosomes

- a guess, just knew that they separated and knew nucleus was home to genetic variation

25
Q

What did a germ cell contain (according to Weismann)

A
  • hundreds of complete sets of hereditary particles passed on from previous generations
  • thought that having many genomes could explain the reappearance of traits that had not been seen in a long time
26
Q

What is the biometrical approach to science

A

-application of statistics to biological problems

27
Q

Who created biometrics

A

Sir Francis Galten (Charle’s Darwins cousin)

28
Q

Speculations of Galten

A
  • first to recognize individuality of fingerprints

- wanted to know how prayer worked

29
Q

Major different between Galten and Mendel

A

-mendel studied discrete (discontinuous) variation, Galton more interested in quantitative (continuous) variation

30
Q

What did Galten think the key to studying hereditary and evolution was

A
  • continuous variation

- practical problems of genetics (how to increase milk production for cows)

31
Q

Galton’s Law of Ancestral Heredity

A

you receive 1/2 of hereditary information from each parent, 1/4 from each grandparent

32
Q

Why didn’t Galton’s thinking stand up to the pattern of inheritance proposed by Mendel?

A

because two of the four grandparents are not accounted for

33
Q

What is Galton also considered the founder of?

A

Eugenics

34
Q

What is Eugenics

A

The science of improving the human race heritably by selective reproduction

  • Alberta persued this from 1928-1972
  • tried to sterilize low IQ on individuals
35
Q

Hugo de Vries

A

-performed breeding experiments with poppies and got same observations as Mendel

36
Q

Hugo de Vries results

A
  1. Traits must be studies as separate hereditary units (didn’t accept blending)
  2. Dominance and recessiveness (Mendel’s term)
  3. Reappearance of the recessive trait in the F2 generation
  4. 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation
  5. some of the F2’s bred true while others segregated
37
Q

What did de Vries conclude the hereditary units were

A

concluded that hereditary units were intracellular pangenes, prob on the chromosomes

38
Q

Did de Vries repeat his experiment on other plants

A

Yes, by 1900 de Vries observed the same segregation behaviour in 15 plant species

39
Q

Did de Vries discover Mendel’s paper

A
  • Yes
  • did not mention Mendel in his own paper
  • de Vries was not given credit with the discovery
40
Q

Carl Correns

A
  • student of Karl Nageli
  • studied paired traits in peas and in Maize
  • forced de Vries to mention Mendel in a later paper
41
Q

What term did Correns coin

A

‘Mendel’s Laws’

42
Q

Erik Von Tschermak

A 
bread peas (yellow/green, round/wrinkled) same pairs of traits Mendel studied. 
-derived same 3:1 ratio
43
Q

William Bateson

A
  • large defender of Mendel

- wrote “Mendel’s Principles of Heredity: a Defense”

44
Q

Who coined the term ‘genetics’

A

Bateson, 1906

45
Q

Who coined the term ‘gene’

A

Wilhelm Johannsen (Danish Bottanist)

46
Q

Who was Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

-critic of Mendel, lots of objections

47
Q

What were Thomas Hunt Morgan’s objections to Mendelism?

A
  1. Mendel’s Laws could not be demonstrated in all organisms, particularly animals
  2. Dominant/recessive relationship could not explain the 1:1 sex ratio
  3. Often progeny are intermediate in their appearance, Mendel couldn’t explain this
  4. No physical basis for Mendel’s hereditary determinants had yet been found
48
Q

What questions whether preformationism is really true?

A
  • Mendel’s work suggest that offspring are miniature versions of their parents from very early development
  • does this suggest preformation?
49
Q

Walter Sutton

A

observed that chromosomes in meiosis behave the same was that Mendel’s hereditary determinants do

50
Q

Assumptions about genes in relation to chromosomes

A
  • must be more genes than chromosomes
  • if genes are on the same chromosome some genes should segregate together and wind up in the same sex cell

-problem: something Mendel and Mendelists never observed

51
Q

What did William Bateson discover in 1906?

A
  • co-segregation of genes in plant breeding experiments (2 or more genes on the same chromosome close together end up in same daughter cell)
  • resisted the chromosome theory but that’s what he was seeing
52
Q

Who’s lab was most productive genetics lab of the 20th century?

A

-Thomas Hunt Morgan

53
Q

Workers of Thomas Hunt Morgan’s lab?

A
  1. Herman Muller (discovered that x-ray’s cause mutations)

2 other students….

54
Q

What did Thomas Hunt Morgan put at the centre of genetics?

A

fruit flies

55
Q

What made fruit flies ideal to study genetics

A
  • quick genetic rates and easy to observe

- can easily knock them out and breed

56
Q

Thompson Hunt Morgan’s lab achievements

A
  1. Sex linkage
  2. Genetic Maps
  3. Genetic information is one dimensional
  4. Creation of mutants is a way to discover new genes
  5. Chromosomal aberrations to mutant phenotypes (extra and missing chromosomes)
  6. Anticipated population genetics as a was of relating Mendelian genetics to evolutionary theory
57
Q

How did Thompson Hunt Morgan achieve sex linkage

A
  • saw that white eyed trait seemed to be inherited with the sex chromosome
  • noted that white eyed gene seemed to follow a certain chromosome (Y)
  • ** proved that genes were on chromosomes
58
Q

Who achieved genetic maps and how

A

Alfred Sturtevant

  • knew genes could be assigned to places on chromosomes relative to each other
  • through breeding can create a genetic map
  • additive nature
  • ** suggested one dimension of genes
59
Q

Explain Thompson Hunt Morgan’s lab achievement of creation of mutants to discover new genes

A
  • need to have allele alternatives to have mendelian genetics
  • Can’t define a gene if you have all the same alleles
  • increase in mutation rates = increase in variation

Biology 400 (13 decks)

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