science sociology

Question 1

mode I and mode II science

Answer 1

gibbons 1994

mode I;

• academic science
• pure science
• disciplinaritiy
• homogeneity
• traditional quality controls (peer review)
• autotonmy

mode 2:

• context of Application
• transdisciplinainiry
• heterogeneity
• reflexibity and accountability
• novel quality control

Question 2

critiques of mode i and mode ii

Answer 2

• scientist have always been interdisciplinary
• is it accruate
• are authors advocates or prescriptors

Question 3

post academic science

Answer 3

ziman; the universitiy-industry-government complex i

Question 4

merton and functionliasm

Answer 4

science is a social instition that functions in society

- scientific autonomy by an ethos that legitimizes/describes scientific knowledge

Question 5

matthew effect

Answer 5

reward system where people keep winning (disproportionate credit distribution)

Question 6

becoming a scientist (merton)

Answer 6

learn facts and scientific method

professionalization

socialization (norms and behaviour)

Question 7

communication systems of science

Answer 7

impersonal communication
peer review
citations

Question 8

reward system science

Answer 8

gift giving; symbolic rather than financial (naming)

nobel; rewards individiuals

breakthrough; rewards teams

Question 9

mertons norms

Answer 9

communism
universalism
disinteredness
organised sceptivism

Question 10

counter norms

Answer 10

secrecy
individualism
interedness
dogmatism

Question 11

martin rees 2010

Answer 11

science is self correction; scientists are their own critics

Question 12

aim of norms

Answer 12

describe or prescribe science?

- provide normative and moral structures to scientific instition

Question 13

durkheim on deviance

Answer 13

deviance is relative; strength of norms by reaction when broken

Question 14

fraud and scientists stats

Answer 14

33.6% admit questionable reserach practices

Question 15

climate gate

Answer 15

2009; leaked emails of UEA climate reserach unit right before Copenhagen CO2 emissions meeting;
scientist admit to ‘tricking temperature data’
- shows naked/truth of science

Question 16

grundmann 2012

Answer 16

climate gate; no bad practie there

Question 17

daniel sarawitz 2009 on climate gate

Answer 17

climategate releaant as exposes myth of pure science; its a human process

Question 18

mitroff 1974

Answer 18

counter norms; nasa moon apollo scientists study

• storybook image of science
• committment and bias are good

Question 19

mulkay and deviance 1973

Answer 19

norms are professioanl ideology used to justify science using ‘vocabulary of justification’

• morals are relative
• norms not descriptives but resources to justify actions

Question 20

‘worlds in collission’ velikovskv 1950

Answer 20

• says biblical catastrophes caused by jupiter chunk crashing to earth
• scientist judge man and not science

Question 21

discovery of pulsars 1967

Answer 21

cambridge group accused by comeptitors of being unfarily secretive/unopen;

• delayed publication and didnt publish enough data
• justified themseves usign norms as resources

Question 22

ziman and post cademic sceicne

Answer 22

indistrual science has different norms than academic science
(PLACE: property, local, authority, command, expert)
norms are an ethos and not ethics
science is indivdiual and collective
norms best in democratic societies

Question 23

rosalind franklin

Answer 23

• data was used by watson

- all acdemic sceicne deserves communication and acknowledge= was corrected in retrospect

Question 24

ziman on norms and academic sceicne

Answer 24

• individiaulze internalize and refer to norms when circumstances apply; are functionalist and not structuralis
• science is self regulating; to succeed must follow norms
• science affected by external forces and always changing as multiple interpretations of objective truth

Question 25

merton; where dont the norms apply

Answer 25

norms not applicable in commercial or military

norms are useful ideals and act as suggestions

application of norms; depends on other political/social/cultural institions where science occurs;

hence best in ‘free plural open societies’

Question 26

woo suk hwang

Answer 26

2004; fraud in south korea; south korean stem cell reseracher + scientific malpractice in SEOUL NATIONAL univesrity

Question 27

david cyranowski

Answer 27

2004; despite fraud, in SK fraud not illegal

• Hwang stayed in science but in different career (animal instead of human cloning)
• national
• norms both contradict all the time

Question 28

kuhn

Answer 28

science governed by paradigms

- violating norms means violating the established truths at the time

Question 29

structuralism

Answer 29

overaching instittions make up society

Question 30

popper

Answer 30

science found in state of subjectivism

Question 31

mitroff on a scientist

Answer 31

‘objective emotional distintered scientist only taen seciously by non scientists’

Question 32

mead and mertraux

Answer 32

high school students in US depict scientsit as intelligent; open minded and moral
hence norms attributed by public to scientist

Question 33

panofsky 20120

Answer 33

norms are mutually reinforcing 
norms and autonomy changes over time
e.g. aryan scientists 
different contexts= different ethos
assumptions of science has changed (not fixed structures and different in global/local settings)

Question 34

behavioural genetics

Answer 34

eugenics, criminiality and mental illeness; a DEVIANT SCIENTIFIC FIELD; hence norms are disgreaged as past cultural constroversy and critique; less commitemnt to organized sceptivism

Question 35

genetic diseases

Answer 35

interaction with public; sampling and donors needed; hence ownership and control is questionined in science