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8th grade > science semester 2 final > Flashcards

science semester 2 final Flashcards

1
Q

a trait that helps an organism survive, opposable thumb

A

adaptation

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2
Q

a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

A

artery

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3
Q

the upper chambers of the heart

A

atria

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4
Q

reproduction with 1 parent, 1 set of DNA, makes exact copies but fast

A

asexual reproduction

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5
Q

a cell that protects the DNA and helps the organism survive harsh conditions

A

endospore

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6
Q

change in a species over time

A

evolution

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7
Q

when there are no living members of a species remaining

A

extinct

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8
Q

a trace of a living thing, like a cast, mold, footprint, most common in sedimentary rock

A

fossil

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9
Q

a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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10
Q

holds bone to bone

A

ligament

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11
Q

the soft inside of bone where blood cells are made or fat is stored

A

marrow

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12
Q

the control center of a cell

A

nucleus

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13
Q

reproduction with 2 parents and 2 sets of DNA, produces variety

A

sexual reproduction

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14
Q

one type of living thing, can breed and viable offspring under natural circumstances

A

species

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15
Q

holds bone to bone

A

ligament

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16
Q

prevents blood from going backward

A

valve

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17
Q

differences in an organism’s features (characteristics)

A

variation

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18
Q

back bone

A

vertebrae

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19
Q

a cell that fights off infection

A

white blood cell

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20
Q

How do scientists determine the actual age of fossils?

A

radioactive dating

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21
Q

How do fossils form?

A

organisms are buried in sediment before they can decompose

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22
Q

What is the role of genes in evolution?

A

Genes are passed from parents to offspring. Inherited traits are controlled by genes. Helpful genes are passed on more through natural selection because they help the parent survive.

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23
Q

If two organisms look very similar during their early stages of development, this is evidence that the organisms could have what?

A

a common ancestor

24
Q

What is it called when an organism creates more offspring than can possible survive?

A

over production

25
Q

What is mass extinction? What do scientists think caused mass extinctions?

A

many species go extinct at the same time - climate change

26
Q

What do fungi have in common with animals?

A

heterotrophs

27
Q

What characteristic do all algae share?

A

autotrophs

28
Q

Compare viruses and parasites.

A

Both have host cells.

29
Q

Why is a virus’s protein so important?

A

helps it attach to host

30
Q

Why are some bacteria called decomposers?

A

break dead things down and return nutrients to soil and air

31
Q

Why are viruses considered nonliving?

A

They don’t show all the traits of a living thing.

32
Q

What directly provides energy for a virus?

A

host cell

33
Q

What is the best treatment for most viral infections?

A

resting, fluids, and well-balanced meals

34
Q

What stimulates a person’s body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria?

A

vaccines

35
Q

How does a vaccine work?

A

it injects dead or weakened forms of germs that activates your body’s immune system so it is prepared

36
Q

WHy don’t people get sick after a vaccination?

A

made from dead or weakened germs that activate immune system

37
Q

A hidden virus becomes part of a host cell’s what?

A

genetic material

38
Q

Which organ system makes blood cells?

A

skeletal system

39
Q

What is the function of the skeleton?

A

support, protection, stores fat, stores minerals, makes blood, leverage for movement

40
Q

Most of a newborn’s skeleton is made of what?

A

cartilage

41
Q

Describe the three types of muscle, and say which tires quickly

A
  1. cardiac - in heart
  2. skeletal - attached to bones - tires quickly
  3. smooth - in hollow organs
42
Q

Explain why pairs of skeletal muscles work together.

A

bicep and tricep - when one contracts, the other relaxes - move bones in opposite directions

43
Q

How does skin protect the body from disease?

A

It is a barrier that keeps germs from getting in.

44
Q

When an individual washes their skin, what can they prevent?

A

infections and disease

45
Q

What helps protect your skin from the sun?

A

melanin, hat, sunscreen

46
Q

What are 4 levels of human body organization?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

47
Q

Are bones alive or dead? Explain.

A

alive - made of cells and produce blood cells, grow and develop, have a metabolism

48
Q

What is homeostasis, and why is it so important to the body?

A

stable internal environment keeps body in check and allows chemical reactions

49
Q

Name the 4 types of joints and their type of motion.

A
  1. hinge - back and forth
  2. ball and socket - greatest range of motion, can be a circle
  3. pivot - rotation
  4. gliding - 2 flat surfaces
50
Q

If your pulse goes up, what happens to your heart beat?

A

speeds up

51
Q

needed substances are carried to the body by what?

A

blood

52
Q

What component of blood is 90% water?

A

plasma

53
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

pumps blood to carry oxygen and nutrients throughout body and fights infection

54
Q

If a person’s blood contains only anti - B clumping proteins, what is their blood type?

A

A

55
Q

How many loops does the circulatory system contain?

A

2 loops

56
Q

Explain why people with AB blood can accept blood of any type but can only donate to AB.

A

have no anti A or anti B

will react to both anti A and anti B

8th grade (8 decks)

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