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8th grade > science 1st semester final > Flashcards

science 1st semester final Flashcards

1
Q

How are plant and animal cells different from one another?

A

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts with chlorophyll, and a huge water-filled vacuole. Animals do not have any of these parts.

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2
Q

Why is the nucleus important to the cell?

A

It contains the genetic code and controls the cellular activities.

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3
Q

If you are looking at a single cell that is green in color, how would you know it is a plant cell?

A

Plants have chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll to trap energy from sunlight for photosynthesis.

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4
Q

What organelle surrounds an animal cell? Why is it so important that it functions properly?

A

cell membrane - regulates what can enter and leave the cell

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5
Q

What is the basic difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

A

autotrophs are producers - make food by photosynthesis heterotrophs are consumers - eat other organisms

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6
Q

Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are opposite processes of each other.

A

photosynthesis water + carbon dioxide yields sugar (food) + oxygen respiration sugar (food) + oxygen yields water + carbon dioxide The products of one are the reactants of the other.

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7
Q

How would raising the temperature of a liquid speed up diffusion?

A

Diffusion is movement using kinetic energy alone, and increasing temperature speeds particles up so they move faster.

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8
Q

Why is it not likely for eye color to be controlled by a single gene?

A

There are too many possible eye colors.

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9
Q

What are the genotypes of males and females? How are the alleles given to each of the offspring?

A

male - XY female - XX Females can only pass on an X. Males can pass on either an X or a Y.

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10
Q

How do codominant genes work?

A

They are both equally dominant, and both show up equally.

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11
Q

Contrast the effects of harmful and helpful mutations.

A

Harmful - make it less likely for survival Helpful - make it more likely for survival

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12
Q

What are three basic human needs?

A

food, water, shelter

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13
Q

What is a microscope?

A

a tool that magnifies objects to make small objects look larger

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14
Q

What are the two basic types of microscopes, and how are they different from each other?

A

compound light microscope - uses light to see living things - sees natural colors electron microscope - uses electrons to magnify even better, but object must be dead - sees black and white or computer colorized

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15
Q

Why is water necessary for life?

A

Most chemical reactions that take place in a cell need water to occur.

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16
Q

What is the name of life science?

A

biology

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17
Q

What is inferring?

A

using past or previous knowledge to predict something

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18
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintaining a stable internal environment

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19
Q

What is the name of the variable that is purposely changed in a test or scientific experiment?

A

independent variable (IV

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20
Q

Define DNA replication and its function.

A

when DNA makes an exact copy of itself so that the new copy can control a new cell

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21
Q

What are the DNA nitrogen bases?

A

adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine

22
Q

What are the RNA nitrogen bases?

A

adenine - uracil - guanine - cytosine

23
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls what goes in and out of the cell

24
Q

Identify the shape of DNA.

A

double helix or spiral staircase

25
Q

What are the characteristics all living things share?

A
  1. made of cells 2. contain hereditary material (DNA) 3. grow and develop 4. adapt and evolve 5. have a metabolism 6. react to stimuli 7. maintain homeostasis
26
Q

What allele combination is a female?

A

XX

27
Q

What allele combination is a male?

A

XY

28
Q

the mistaken idea that living things could come from nonliving things

A

spontaneous generation

29
Q

an action or change in behavior in reaction to a stimulus

A

response

30
Q

a change in an organism’s surrounding environment that triggers a response

A

stimulus

31
Q

the process by which plants and some microorganisms use water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight to make their own food

A

photosynthesis

32
Q

a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein or trait

A

gene

33
Q

an organism’s physical appearance

A

phenotype

34
Q

a mistake or change in a gene or chromosome

A

mutation

35
Q

having two identical alleles for a trait, TT or tt

A

homozygous

36
Q

having two different alleles for a trait, Tt

A

heterozygous

37
Q

a condition in which neither allele of a pair is dominant or recessive but they are equally expressed

A

codominant

38
Q

a change in a gene or chromosome

A

mutation

39
Q

an observation that deals with numbers or amounts

A

quantitative

40
Q

an observation without numbers, an opinion

A

qualitative

41
Q

What is the difference between organic and inorganic?

A

organic - contain carbon and are made by living things while inorganic - don’t contain carbon and are not made by living things

42
Q

What is the difference between a hybrid and a purebred?

A

hybrid - 2 different things combines purebreds - 2 of the same things make babies

43
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

A

genotype is genetic makeup phenotype is a physical appearance

44
Q

What is the percentage of recessive offspring in this Punnett square?

A

50% recessive 50% dominant

45
Q

What is the percentage of dominant and recessive offspring in the Punnett square?

A

75% dominant

25% recessive

46
Q

What is the form a hypothesis is usually written in?

A

if/then

47
Q

What is the factor being tested in an experiment?

A

independent variable

48
Q

What is being measured in a controlled experiment?

A

dependent variable

49
Q

What are the factors that need to be kept the same between the experiment and the control?

A

constants

50
Q

Which variable goes on which axis?

A

dry mix

51
Q

What is the result of your experiment?

A

conclusion

8th grade (8 decks)

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