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8th grade > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

1
Q

a piece of DNA that codes for a protein and controls a trait

A

gene

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2
Q

the different forms of a gene

A

alleles

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3
Q

having two identical alleles for a trait, TT or tt

A

homozygous

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4
Q

having two different alleles for a trait, Tt

A

heterozygous

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5
Q

the likelihood that an event will occur

A

probability

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6
Q

an organism’s genetic makeup

A

genotype

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7
Q

an organismm’s physical appearance

A

phenotype

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8
Q

when a trait is controlled by 3 or more alleles

A

multiple allele trait

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9
Q

a chart or “family tree” that shows the inheritance of a trait

A

pedigree

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10
Q

all the DNA of an organism

A

genome

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11
Q

a type of selective breeding where two related individuals or individuals with similar sets of alleles are crossed

A

inbreeding

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12
Q

an organism created by mixing two unlike organisms having different forms of a trait, mixing a horse and a donkey

A

hybrid - mule

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13
Q

What two factors can determine a person’s height?

A

genes (alleles) and environment (diet)

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14
Q

Identify the reason why eye color is not likely controlled by a single gene?

A

There are a large number of possible phenotypes which indicates more than one gene.

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15
Q

Define cloning, and explain how the offspring compares to the parent.

A

making copies of the organism, clones are exactly the same DNA as the original.

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16
Q

By creating a Punnett square, is it possible for a person with AB blood to have a child with O blood?

A

no - The AB person will pass on either an A or a B. To be O, you have to have 2 genes for O.

17
Q

Is it possible for a boy to get an X from his father?

A

no he gets his Y from his father and the X from his mother. If he got an X from his father, he would be a girl.

18
Q

Identify the difference between hybridization and inbreeding.

A

inbreeding - breed related individuals with similar traits

hybridization - breeds unrelated individuals with different traits to make new traits

19
Q

What is the purpose of a Punnett square

A

to show the possible traits offspring could get

20
Q

Explain the chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes are passed from parents to offspring on chromosomes

21
Q

How are mutations helpful?

A

give you a trait that helps you survive - like blending in with your environment

22
Q

How are mutations harmful?

A

they make it harder for you to survive - like making you stand out in your environment

23
Q

How do codominant traits work?

A

the genes are equally expressed

24
Q

Why are recessive traits not hybrids?

A

You would show the dominant allele if you have one gene for each. You need 2 recessive genes to be recessive.

25
Q

What are the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

RNA - adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine

26
Q

What determines the genetic code?

A

the order of nitrogen bases

27
Q

When sex cells combine, each sex cell contributes how many of the chromosomes?

A

half

28
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

cells divide twice to make 4 cells with half the chromosomes - making eggs and sperm

29
Q

Sex linked genes are located where?

A

X and Y chromosomes

30
Q

How does the human genome project help genetic engineers produce human proteins?

A

we have to know what genes there are in the human DNA and what they code for before we can isolate them to make proteins

31
Q

What is the best way to predict the probability of a baby having cystic fibrosis?

A

pedigree

32
Q

Give an example of a benefit of genetic engineering.

A

making better crops that are drought resistant, pest resistant, and more nutritious

33
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis

A

abnormal mucous in lungs and intestines

34
Q

What alleles make a male? a female?

A

male - XY

female - XX

35
Q

Give an example of a trait controlled by multiple alleles.

A

blood type - A, B, O

36
Q

What is an example of a trait that can be altered by changes in the environment.

A

height

37
Q

How does a geneticist use a pedigree?

A

trace the inheritance of a trait in a family

38
Q

Why do males more commonly get sex-linked traits?

A

often on X chromosome and recessive - a male only has to get one copy of the bad allele

8th grade (8 decks)

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