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Science Final Study!!! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

They are caused by a sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up when a large mass of earth gets locked or stuck

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2
Q

What is the focus?

A

The first place the rock breaks below the surface

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3
Q

What are seismic waves?

A

The sudden breaking of rock releases energy that spreads as waves through the earth

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4
Q

What is the epicenter?

A

The point directly above the focus on the surface

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5
Q

What are the ways of finding the strength of the earthquake?

A

Using a Richter scale or seismograph

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6
Q

Explain the Richter scale

A

It starts at 0 and an increase of 1 represents 10 times the last number

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7
Q

What is a volcano?

A

It is an opening in the earths crust through which solid molten rock, ash and gases escape

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8
Q

What is mechanical weathering?

A

It happens when an object is broken apart by physical forces such as wind or water

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9
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

It happens when water and oxygen create new minerals that crumble mor easily

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10
Q

What is biological weathering?

A

The wearing away of rocks by living things

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11
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

The process of sediments being deposited

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12
Q

Erosion

A

The process of being eroded away by wind, water or other natural agents

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13
Q

What are minerals?

A

They are naturally occurring solid materials. All rocks are made of minerals

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14
Q

What are the properties to identify rocks?

A 
Color
Lustre 
Streak
Cleavage and fracture
Hardness
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15
Q

How are igneous rocks formed?

A

They are made from hardened or dried lava or magma

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16
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

They are formed by sediments that are deposited or pushed down by pressure

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17
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

They are originally igneous or sedimentary rocks but when exposed to extreme heat they change

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18
Q

What is a glacier?

A

It is a moving mass of ice and snow

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19
Q

What is bedrock?

A

The layer of soil beneath the loose rock fragments

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20
Q

What is Lustre?

A

Lustre is the way the serf ace of a mineral reflects light

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21
Q

What is streak?

A

It is color of the powder that is leaves behind when rubbed on a rough surface

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22
Q

What is cleavages?

A

If a mineral splits cleanly into 2 parts it is called cleavage

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23
Q

What is fracture?

A

When it breaks and is very uneven

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24
Q

What is hardness?

A

Hardness is how easily a mineral can be scratched

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25
Q

What are earthquakes?

A

They are trembling a or vibrations of the ground

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26
Q

How many years does it take for 5 mm of soil to grow?

A

About 1000

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27
Q

What is the Precambrian shield?

A

The rock formation formed between 544 and 4500 million years ago. Underlies all of Alberta and is only exposed in the northeast corner of the province

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28
Q

What is the Precambrian shield made up of?

A

Igneous and Metamorphic rock

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29
Q

What is the continental drift theory?

A

It is that all the continents used to be put together and they have slowly drifted apart

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30
Q

What is the theory of plate tectonics?

A

The lithosphere is broken up into large prices much like an egg shell

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31
Q

What is a boundary?

A

It is where the tectonic plates meet

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32
Q

What is a Diverging boundary?

A

When 2 plates are moving apart from each other. This is a slow process where lava can flow through

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33
Q

What are converging boundaries?

A

Boundaries that are moving towards each other

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34
Q

What is subduction?

A

When the plates push together the heavier thinner crust is forced down below the light, thicker crust

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35
Q

What is the converging boundary that forms a trench?

A

When one plate carries oceanic crust and the other carries continental crust

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36
Q

What is the converging boundary that forms mountains?

A

When 2 plates are pushed together and form a mountain

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37
Q

What is a transform boundary?

A

When the plates slide sideways beside each other

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38
Q

What is a mountain?

A

A part of the earths surface that is much high than the land around it

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39
Q

What are folds?

A

Bends in rock beds such as mountains

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40
Q

What are faults?

A

Large cracks in a rock bed

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41
Q

What is an anticline?

A

An upward fold in a rock

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42
Q

What is a syncline?

A

A downward fold in the rock

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43
Q

What are fossils?

A

Traces of once living things that are preserved in rocks

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44
Q

Who are paleontologists?

A

Scientists who study early life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils

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45
Q

What are organic particle in soil made up of?

A

They are made from plants and animals that were once live.

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46
Q

What is Humus?

A

When organic matter is partly decomposed

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47
Q

What are the the characteristics of sandy soil?

A
  • Has very few lumps
  • It is light brown
  • It gets dry really quickly
  • Doesn’t contain much food for plants
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48
Q

What are the characteristics of clay soil?

A
  • It feels slippery
  • It will stick together
  • can hold lots of nutrients
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49
Q

What are the characteristics of loom soil?

A

•It is crumbly like a moist cake
•They are dark brown or black
•

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50
Q

What is irrigation

A

To supply water to plants by use of channels

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51
Q

What do farmers do before they plant new crops?

A

They have to clear the land. This makes it easier to plant seeds and reduces competition

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52
Q

What is plowing?

A

The process of cutting the soil and turning the top layer over creating air spaces and less clear compacted

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53
Q

What is crop rotation?

A

It is the practice of planting a different crop in a particular field each year

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54
Q

What is the yield of a plant?

A

The amount of useful plant part per a plant

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55
Q

What technologies have we developed to get the best yield possible?

A

We have found natural fertilizers, pesticides, and greenhouses

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56
Q

What artificial environments for?

A

To control all growing conditions like light, nutrients, and temperature

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57
Q

What is a hydroponic system?

A

A type of artificial soil environment. Plants are grown without soil, instead the roots are buried in coarse gravel or sand. Then nutrient rich soil is pumped regularly

58
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms with similar traits that can reproduce with each other

59
Q

What is a variety?

A

A subset of species

60
Q

What is a fossil?

A

A trace of living things that are preserved in rocks

61
Q

Who are paleontologists?

A

They are scientists who study early life forms by interpreting animal and plant fossils

62
Q

What is a trace fossil?

A

A cavity or track left behind by an organism like a track

63
Q

What is a cast fossil?

A

Filled in cavities left by the original organic bodies

64
Q

What is strata?

A

The layers of sediment that have formed over a million years

65
Q

Explain the Precambrian era

A

4600 to 600 millions of years ago
📌Formation of earth
📌first simple organisms, bacteria
📌first soft bodies animals, no vertebrae

66
Q

Explain the Paleozoic era

A 
600-225 millions of years ago
📌first reptiles
📌first large land animals, frogs
📌first insects
📌first large land plants
📌first fish with jaws
67
Q

Explain the Mesozoic era

A

225 to 65 millions of years ago
📌dinosaurs rule then become extinct
📌first flowering plants
📌first birds and mammals

68
Q

Explain the Cenozoic era

A 
65 million years ago to present day
📌appearance of most modern species 
📌many more species of mammals 
📌first grasses
📌first human like species
69
Q

Explain the crust

A

It is the thinnest layer and has all the features we see around it 10-90km

70
Q

Explain the mantle

A

The upper part of the mantle is solid the lower part is liquid because of the temperature and pressure are higher

71
Q

Explain the outer core

A

It is completely liquid and 2200 km thick

72
Q

Explain the inner core

A

It is solid the weight of the inner core has pressed it into an extremely hard ball

73
Q

What makes up the lithosphere?

A

The upper mantle and crust

74
Q

What is a structure?

A

Any object that provides support

75
Q

What is structural strength?

A

It refers to structures capacity to hold itself up, as well as any weight added to it

76
Q

What is structural stability?

A

A structures ability to maintain its position even when being acted on by a force

77
Q

What is a solid structure?

A

It is formed by a solid piece of some strong material

78
Q

What is a frame structure?

A

It is made of ridged arrangement of parts, or structural components fastened together.

79
Q

What is a shell structure?

A

A shell structure has a solid outer face, which may be rounded or flat in shape.

80
Q

What are asthetics?

A

It refers to the pleasing or effect that an object has because of its design

81
Q

What is sod and who used it?

A

Clumps of earth; it was used by pioneers in the prairies

82
Q

What does the effect of a force depend on?

A

Magnitude, direction, and location

83
Q

What is a newton?

A

A standard unit for measuring force. One Newton is the amout of force needed to hold up a mass of 100g

84
Q

What is an external force?

A

A forces applied on a structure by something else

85
Q

What is mass?

A

The amount of matter in an object. The more mass an object has, the greater gravitational force.

86
Q

What does centre of gravity mean?

A

An imaginary point where the downward force of gravity acts on a structure

87
Q

What is symmetry?

A

A balanced amount of mass that occurs on opposite sides of a plane

88
Q

What is a load?

A

An external force on a structure

89
Q

What is the static load?

A

The weight of a structure and the non-moving load is supports

90
Q

What is a dynamic load?

A

An external for that moves or changes with time

91
Q

What is a beam bridge?

A

It is flat and supported at its two ends. It is the most common bridge used

92
Q

What is a truss bridge?

A

A lightweight but strong bridge made of triangle shaped frames along its sides

93
Q

What is an arch bridge?

A

Designed to withstand heavy loads. The resistance is passed through the whole bridge

94
Q

What is a suspension bridge?

A

It hangs between two ends and the main cables hold up the bridge, and smaller cables support the roadway

95
Q

What is compression?

A

It is a force that acts to squeeze an object or push parts within it together

96
Q

What is tension?

A

A force that acts to stretch and pull something apart

97
Q

What is shear?

A

It is a force that act to parts that are in contact with each other in opposite directions

98
Q

What are complementary forces?

A

When different kinds of internal forces are acting at the same time on a structure

99
Q

What are the internal forces?

A

Shear
Compression
Tension

100
Q

What is the strongest shape?

A

Triangle

101
Q

What is an arch?

A

A common shape in structures. An arch can support large loads because the force of the load is carried down through the arch foundation

102
Q

What is a simple beam?

A

A flat structure that is supported at each end

103
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

Any place on earth where living things interact with Non-living things is called an ecosystem

104
Q

What does biotic mean?

A

The living things in an ecosystem

105
Q

What does abiotic mean?

A

Non-living things in an ecosystem

106
Q

What does population mean?

A

When a number of individuals from the same species live together in the same area

107
Q

What does community mean?

A

All the populations of different species that live and interact in the same place

108
Q

What are the basic needs?

A

Water, food/nutrients, energy, oxygen, and suitable living conditions

109
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one species benefits while the other neither benefits or is harmed

110
Q

What is mutualism?

A

A relationship where both species in the relationship benefit

111
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When one species befits while the other is harmed

112
Q

What is adaptation?

A

How living things respond to their environment

113
Q

Why was the beaver population declining in Yoho national park?

A

Since there are no more fires the trees in the park have grown. As a result there is no longer enough sunlight for the aspen to grow. Since this tree is preferred shelter for beavers they could no longer live in the area

114
Q

What are some ways we have cleaned up the planet?

A

Recycling, composting, incinerating, household hazardous waste operations, and sanitary landfills

115
Q

How do sanitary landfills work?

A

The waste is spread across the ground and then compacted by bulldozer to 0.5 m thick. A layer of soul is spread over to reduce odes and litter and disgorge animal activity

116
Q

What is a consumer?

A

Any organism that had to seek out and eat, or consume, other living things for food

117
Q

What are carnivores?

A

Organisms that mainly consume other animals

118
Q

What are herbivores?

A

Organisms that mainly contain plants

119
Q

What are omnivores?

A

Organisms who consume both plants and other animals

120
Q

What are producers?

A

Organisms that con produce the food they need to survive?

121
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Light energy+ Carbon dioxide + water = food +oxygen

122
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

Food + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

123
Q

What are scavengers?

A

They are consumers that don’t kill for their own food. Instead the feed off remains of living things that are killed by consumers

124
Q

What are decomposers?

A

Consumers that break down dead animals or plants

125
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A convenient way to show how energy flows in an ecosystem

126
Q

How much energy does a plant use from its food?

A

90%. It only leaves 10% for the consumer to eat. To which the consumer then uses 90%

127
Q

What is a food web?

A

A more complex way to show how energy is is moved in an ecosystem

128
Q

What is a cycle?

A

Over and over again movement of matter

129
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Precipitation➡️Evaporation➡Condens-ation

130
Q

What is bio invasion

A

Accidental or planned introduction of non-native species into a community

131
Q

What is competition?

A

More than one living thing trying to reach the same goal

132
Q

What is predation?

A

An animal that gets it food by killing other organism

133
Q

What are pioneer species?

A

Scientists call the first plants pioneer species

134
Q

What is succession?

A

The predictable pattern of change in ecosystems

135
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Formation of a new community that was once barren land. Such as a place where volcanoes used to exist

136
Q

What is a climax community?

A

A stable community of a diverse number of species that is not easily replaced by other communities

137
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Formation of a new community in a destroyed or greatly changed community

138
Q

What are the parts of the plant?

A 
Flowers
Stem
Seeds
Leaves
Cones
Roots
139
Q

What are the ways a plant moves water up the roots?

A

Transpiration
Capillary action
Osmosis

140
Q

What are the processes to move in and out of plants?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

Science (11 decks)

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