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Hobet V > Science 5 > Flashcards

Science 5 Flashcards

0
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Stretches of DNA called genes.

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1
Q

Where are chromosomes located at?

A

In the nucleus of a cell.

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2
Q

What does the coded information, that genes contain, control?

A

The heredity of particular traits.

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3
Q

What is the code found in genes made up of?

A

The sequences of the nitrogenous bases of DNA

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4
Q

What is each piece of the code in genes called?

A

Codon

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5
Q

How many bases is each codon composed of?

A

Three

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6
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

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7
Q

What does each codon match to?

A

A specific amino acid

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8
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

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9
Q

True or false. Codons never match to the same amino acid.

A

False

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10
Q

What does a chain of amino acids form?

A

Protein

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11
Q

What are the workhorses of the cell?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

How many genes match to one protein?

A

One

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13
Q

What is responsible for the expression of genetic traits?

A

Genes

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14
Q

How do traits get spread from one generation to the next?

A

When organisms pass genes from one generation to the next

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15
Q

What does each gene contains for influencing a trait of an organism?

A

Different information

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16
Q

What is responsible for the inherited differences between one person and another?

A

The sum of all the proteins directed by the genes of an individual

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17
Q

Chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called ________, which contains the information that controls particular traits for an individual.

A

Genes

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18
Q

True or false? Genetic traits are expressed through the actions of proteins.

A

True

19
Q

Define a Genome.

A

A genome is a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes.

20
Q

What are the two mechanisms in which mutations in the Genome can occur?

A

Errors during DNA replication or via a mutagen

21
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

A substance that induces mutations

22
Q

How do cells speed up the process of DNA synthesis?

A

By using an enzyme called DNA polymerase

23
Q

What can happen as DNA polymerase makes its way down a DNA strand?

A

Spontaneous errors may occur

24
Q

How can errors occur when DNA is being synthesized?

A

When DNA polymerase adds DNA bases along a strand

25
Q

In humans, how many errors can occur during each replication cycle?

A

One out of every 1000 genes

26
Q

What is the percentage of genes in the human Genome that can have errors?

A

Up to 5%

27
Q

What exists to reduce this error rate down to less than one DNA base in every 10 to the 9th to 10 to the 12th basis?

A

DNA repair mechanisms

28
Q

With the DNA repair mechanisms in play, how many genes in the human genome will have errors?

A

Less then .3%

29
Q

How is DNA repair mechanisms carried out?

A

DNA polymerase performs proofreading of the newly synthesized strands

30
Q

What happens if the DNA polymerase recognizes a missed pairing of bases?

A

It attempts to correct the problem by insertion of the proper base

31
Q

What other backup plan does the cell have to fix errors in DNA strands?

A

Mismatch repair

32
Q

After the new DNA has been replicated, what mechanism scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of bases?

A

Mismatch repair

33
Q

How does a DNA sequence get permanently altered?

A

If a mutation is able to pass through the cracks of mismatch repair and DNA polymerase proofreading

34
Q

How do certain types of cancer arise?

A

Because of failure in mismatch repair

35
Q

What substances can a cell be exposed to that is capable of damaging DNA?

A

Mutagens that can be anything from harmful chemicals to ultraviolet rays from the sun

36
Q

What mechanism inspects the DNA for the type of damage that is done by mutagens?

A

Excision repair

37
Q

Does modification by mutagens often occur over a section of DNA or over the individual bases?

A

A section of DNA

38
Q

How does excision repair work?

A

The excision repair mechanisms will cut the defective strand of DNA, remove those bases that are near, including the mutated ones, and allow DNA polymerase to generate a new, correct piece of DNA.

39
Q

What is a result of the excision repair mechanisms not functioning properly?

A

Certain skin diseases

40
Q

Define a germ cell.

A

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

41
Q

What is the only way that certain diseases, disorders or cancers can be passed on to future generations?

A

Only if they are present in the DNA of germ cells

42
Q

An individual may develop skin cancer due to excess sun exposure, but that individuals offspring will not have skin cancer unless those mutations are also found in ________.

A

Gametes

43
Q

Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells.

A

DNA polymerase

44
Q

True or false. DNA in gametes is the DNA passed on to future generations.

A

True

Hobet V (14 decks)

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