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Hobet V > Science 3 > Flashcards

Science 3 Flashcards

0
Q

How many daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell during mitosis?

A

Two

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1
Q

Mitosis is the process of what?

A

Cell duplication

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2
Q

What has to happen prior to mitosis for cell duplication?

A

The cell must make an exact copy of all it’s DNA

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3
Q

And what phase does the synthesis of the new DNA occur during mitosis?

A

The S phase S (stands for synthesis)

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4
Q

What are the gap periods referred to as before and after synthesis?

A

G1 and G2

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5
Q

When is the cells DNA available for transcription into RNA?

A

During the gaps between mitosis and DNA synthesis

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6
Q

Name the phases and the gap periods that are classified together as interphase during mitosis.

A

S-phase, G1, and G2

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7
Q

What happens during G1 of mitosis?

A

The DNA double helix unwinds to expose the bases

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8
Q

How is the messenger RNA strand formed?

A

RNA bases pair with their complementary partners on the DNA

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9
Q

In what stage of interphase during mitosis is the messenger RNA strand created?

A

G1

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10
Q

What happens to the DNA once an entire gene is copied into the complementary messenger RNA?

A

The DNA double helix closes

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11
Q

What happens to the messenger RNA at the end of G1 of interphase during mitosis?

A

It exits the nucleus, taking the information contained to the ribosome.

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12
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that increase the speed of reactions

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13
Q

During mitosis, what phase of interphase does the DNA double helix unwind with the help of enzymes?

A

The S phase

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14
Q

During mitosis what does the unwinding of the DNA double helix result in?

A

Breaking of the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs and separating the bases from their complimentary partners

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15
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that helps the exposed bases pair up with the new complementary bases during the S phase of mitosis?

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

How many strands of identical DNA form from one strand during mitosis?

A

Two

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17
Q

After two new strands of identical DNA are formed during mitosis what does each of the two new strands consist of?

A

One strand from the original double helix and one strand that was newly synthesized

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18
Q

True or false. There are three steps of the cell cycle during interphase.

A

True

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19
Q

Why does mitosis occur?

A

To replace old and dying cells with genetically identical ones

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20
Q

What do cells have to do to their DNA content during mitosis?

A

Double their DNA content in order to pass one complete copy to each daughter cell

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21
Q

True or false. Sexual reproduction works the same way as mitosis.

A

False

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22
Q

What are the cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction called?

A

Gametes

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23
Q

What occurs with the gamete during sexual reproduction?

A

A gamete me from one individual combines it’s DNA with the DNA of a gamete from another individual

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24
Q

What do the gametes have to do to reduce their DNA content since the combining of DNA from two gametes would produce too much DNA?

A

They undergo meiosis

25
Q

Meiosis is the process by which gametes do what?

A

Reduce their DNA content

26
Q

What does meiosis only occur in?

A

Gametes or fertilized eggs depending on the species

27
Q

What is an additional benefit of meiosis?

A

It results in extra genetic variability

28
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To halve the number of chromosomes

29
Q

What are cells that contain two sets of chromosomes known as?

A

Diploid cells

30
Q

What are all cells in mammals called except the gametes?

A

Diploid cells

31
Q

What are cells known as that contain a single set of chromosomes?

A

Haploid cells

32
Q

What are the only cells in mammals that are haploid cells?

A

Gametes

33
Q

In some organisms, most cells are ________ cells and only the fertilized egg is a ____________ cell.

A

Haploid, diploid

34
Q

What does each individual chromosome have in a diploid cell?

A

A twin chromosome called a homologous chromosome

35
Q

What phase during mitosis do the individual chromosomes duplicate?

A

That S phase

36
Q

During mitosis, after the chromosomes duplicate during the S-phase, the chromosomes that have condensed then have both copies of the individual chromosomes attached at one spot. What does this form?

A

Sister chromatids

37
Q

What is the next phase during mitosis called after interphase?

A

Metaphase

38
Q

During metaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes with their sister chromatids line up on a plate called the what?

A

The metaphase plate

39
Q

Where is the metaphase plate located?

A

Down the middle of the nucleus

40
Q

Do the chromosomes line up in any particular order on the metaphase plate?

A

No

41
Q

During metaphase how many centrosomes surround the nucleus?

A

Two, one on either side of the nucleus

42
Q

What forms between the centrosomes?

A

Spindle fibers

43
Q

What do the spindle fibers attached to on the metaphase plate?

A

The chromosomes

44
Q

What happens to the sister chromatids during mitosis after the spindle fibers form between the centrosomes?

A

The sister chromatids separate and each one moves toward a different centrosome

45
Q

How many chromatids from each chromosome do the new nuclei that form around each group of chromosomes get during mitosis?

A

They get one chromatid each from each chromosome

46
Q

What begins during mitosis when the two sets of chromosomes separate into different cells thus completing mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

47
Q

What process signals the end of mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis

48
Q

During meiosis, after the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate, what is each chromosome searching for?

A

It’s homologous chromosomes

49
Q

In a meiotic metaphase plate how are the chromosomes lined up?

A

The chromosomes are lined up in pairs of two homologous chromosomes, each one containing two sister chromatids

50
Q

During meiosis, when the chromatids arms get tangled up with eac other, genetic material gets traded between the sister chromatids. What does this tangling of chromatid arms result in?

A

Genetic variability

51
Q

The differences at the miotics spindle between mitosis and meiosis is what is separating. Explain what separates on the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis.

A

During mitosis the sister chromatids split, during miosis the homologues separate

52
Q

During meiosis after homologues are separated, what is the result that occurs?

A

The result is two cells, each new cell having only one set of chromosomes

53
Q

What is the first stage of meiosis referred to as?

A

Miosis one

54
Q

What has occurred when miosis one is complete?

A

Two haploid cells

55
Q

During meiosis one since the sister chromatids did not separate what does each cell still have?

A

Two copies of it haploid sets of chromosomes

56
Q

During meiosis, and after miosis one, do the cells go in to interphase?

A

No

57
Q

What phase occurs after miosis one?

A

Meiosis two

58
Q

What occurs to the chromosomes during meiosis two?

A

Each of the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate and the sister chromatids separate as in mitosis

59
Q

What is the result of the two meiotic divisions?

A

Four haploid cells

Hobet V (14 decks)

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