science 4 Flashcards
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What is food?
provides the materials for energy, growth
and repair of tissues.
What are the calories?
amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of water by one degree
Celsius.
What is metabolism?
represents the sum of all chemical
reactions that takes place within an organism.
What are nutrients?
substances in food that provide the
raw materials and energy the body needs to
carry out all vital processes. There are six (6)
nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
minerals and water.
What are Carbohydrates?
major source of quick
energy; provides the raw materials to
make parts of cells
What are fats?
stored energy. Fats form part of the
cell membrane and fatty tissue protects
and supports your internal organs and
insulates your body. Brain Development
What are vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins and Minerals are needed in
small amounts to carry out chemical
reactions.
What is water?
Water is important because the chemical
reactions take place in water; blood flows
due to water; joints lubricated by water;
body temperature is regulated by water
(perspiration/sweat).
What is included in Carbohydrates?
Simple: candy(refined white sugar), fruits
(fructose), milk (lactose)
Complex: Breads, Rice, Pasta, Crackers
White refined sugar Equal=
poison poison poison poison poison poison poison poison poison poison
What is the circulatory system?
a tube
(transport) system
which carries
nutrients to body
cells and carries
away waste. Blood
moves through
these tubes
carrying nutrients
and waste as well
as contains cells
that fight disease.
What is the heart?
consists of four
(4) chambers that
pumps blood through
out body
Atria: upper chambers
that receives blood
Ventricles: lower
chambers that pumps
blood away from
heart.
** RIGHT
VENTRICLE: pumps
blood to LUNGS
** LEFT VENTRICLE:
pumps blood to
BODY (AORTA)
What are the patterns of blood flow?
First Loop (Right Ventricle)
Heart
Lungs
Second Loop (Left Ventricle; Aorta)
Heart
Body
What are the values?
(veins): prevents backflow (due to
lower blood pressure)
what are pacemakers?
sends out electrical signal to
heart; heart muscle contracts regularly.
What are the blood vessels type?
Arteries: carries blood AWAY from heart
Veins: carries blood to heart; has VALVES
Capillaries: tiny thread-like vessels for nutrient &
waste exchange between blood and body cells.
What are the blood compositions?
plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells, platelets; produced by the red
bone marrow.
What is plasma?
liquid part; 90% water, 10% nutrients
(glucose, fat, vitamins, minerals), waste: “CO2,
water vapor”, proteins, chemical messengers.
What are red blood cells?
carries oxygen to body cells; contains
hemoglobin (iron protein); lifespan 4 months; if blood bright red,
oxygen present, if blood dark red/brown, no oxygen present
What are white blood cells?
White Blood Cells: disease fighting cells; lifespan
months-years; specialized cells
Example:
Cells: alarm system (T-cells & B-cells)
Cells produce chemicals (antibodies) to fight invasion
Cells that attack the invaders
Immune System (WBC’s)
Platelets:
clot blood;
produces fibrin protein
What is the blood cell surface?
Blood Type: surface molecules found on
red blood cells
Rh Factor: also surface molecules found
on red blood cells
If Rh +, have Rh factor
If RH -, don’t have RH factor
If Rh- but have received RH+ blood, leads to
clumping of blood and death
What is lymphatic?
cleans
and returns fluid to Circulatory System
What is lymph?
contains water, glucose, white
blood cells
What are lymph nodes?
traps invaders
microorganisms (bacteria); node – “filter”
What are the arteries?
Arteries: blood flows away from the heart;
3 cell layers, thick walled, under high blood
pressure
cc
what are veins?
Veins: blood flows towards the heart; Valves
prevent backflow due to low blood pressure;
3 cell layers, thin walled
what are capillaries?
Capillaries: connect arterioles to veinuoles;
The site of capillaries/tissues is where
nutrient/waste exchange by diffusion takes
place; 1 cell layer
What is pulse?
Pulse: expansion and relaxation of the artery
wall
Diffusion (osmosis): movement of
molecules from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration (through
membrane).
Blood Pressure: caused by the contraction
of the heart’s ventricles. As blood moves away
from the heart, blood pressure decreases.
what is diffusion?
Diffusion (osmosis): movement of
molecules from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration (through
membrane).
what is blood pleasure?
Blood Pressure: caused by the contraction
of the heart’s ventricles. As blood moves away
from the heart, blood pressure decreases.
how many cells are there in the human body
30-60 trillion
What is the respiratory system?
moves oxygen from
atmosphere to body cells; removes gaseous
waste (CO2 & water vapor)
what is respiration?
is the chemical reaction:
Sugar + oxygen → energy + CO2 + water vapor
What is breathing?
is the movement of air into and
out of the lungs.
What are the path of air?
Nose air enters through nostrils
Pharynx throat; shared with digestive
system
What is the system?
Larynx voice box; vocal cords
Trachea windpipe; tube from pharynx to
bronchus (lung)
Epiglottis trachea (windpipe) flap during
swallowing of food & liquids
Bronchi tube branches within lungs
What is the lung?
organ that transfers gases from the
environment (atmosphere) into or out of
the Circulatory System.
What is alveoli?
grapelike structures at end of
bronchioles surrounded by capillaries.
Excretory System’s Gas Waste
Site of gas exchange (O2, CO2, H2Og)
in, out, out
What is the excretory system?
collects and removes
waste;
solids - rectum of Digestive System
liquids - kidneys of Urinary System
gases - lungs of the Respiratory System.
What is urology?
the study of the urine and the
genitourinary tract in health and disease.
What is gerontology?
the branch of medicine concerned
with the anus and rectum.
Studies kidney problems (kidney stones, gout)
Studies urinary bladder problems (bladder stones)
Studies prostate problems (difficulty urinating;
inflammation & cancer)
Studies rectum / anus problems (hemorrhoids)
What are the organs of the excretory system.
Excretory Organs = kidneys, lungs, skin
ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
Kidneys: organ which removes liquid waste from
the blood; a “filter”; humans have 2 kidneys
Urea: breakdown of protein (yellow color)
Liquid waste: urine (urea, water, other)
Ureter: tube which connects from kidneys to
urinary bladder.
Urinary Bladder: saclike muscular organ which
stores urine.
Urethra: tube which connects urinary bladder to
outside of body.
What is a kidney?
contain many nephrons; Each
nephron filters the blood. By the process
of osmosis (diffusion), urea and some
water is removed but sugar and much of
the water is returned to the blood
(reabsorption). The urine is then stored in
the urinary bladder for future removal from
the body.
