science 1

Question 1

What are the chordate characteristics?

Answer 1

Notochord – flexible rod (pre-backbone / vertebral
column), nerve cord (pre-spinal cord) running down back
and slits in throat area.

Phylum Chordata: all vertebrates, few invertebrates

Question 2

What are the vertebrate characteristics?

Answer 2

Endoskeleton

endo = inside

protects organs, body shape/support, muscle attachment

backbone (vertebral column, “spine”)

protects spinal cord and provides flexibility

Question 3

what is are ectotherms?

Answer 3

an animal whose body temperature is
close to the temperature of their environment; its
body does not produce much internal heat ;

“cold-blooded”.

Example: fishes, amphibians, reptiles

Question 4

what are endotherms?

Answer 4

an animal whose body temperature is
stable and often warmer than their environment; its
body regulates its own temperature by controlling
the internal heat it produces;“warm-blooded”

Example: birds, mammals

Question 5

What are fish characteristics?

Answer 5

ectotherms (cold-blooded)

fins (movement)

scales

gills (respiration)

water lifestyle

mostly external fertilization

closed circulatory system

2-chamber heart (evolutionarily important)

oldest & largest vertebrate group

Question 6

what are the fish classification?

Answer 6

Jawless Fish

Cartilagenous Fish

Bony Fish

Cartilage jaw, scales Bony

skeleton
skeleton

Question 7

what are the jaw fish Characteristics?

Answer 7

No jaws

No scales

cartilage skeleton

Example: hagfish, lampreys

Question 8

what are the cartilaginous fish Characteristics?

Answer 8

jaws

scales

cartilage skeleton

carnivores

Example: sharks, rays, skates

Question 9

what are the bony fish Characteristics?

Answer 9

jaws

scales

bone skeleton

gill pocket with flap

swim bladder (internal gas-filled sac)

most fish (95%) are bony fish.

Example: trout, tuna, goldfish

Question 10

what are the Amphibian Characteristics?

Answer 10

ectothermic: cold-blooded

juvenile life: water (gills),

movement: fins

1 loop circulatory system, 2 chamber heart, herbivores

adult life: land (lungs) but reproduce in water; thin, moist skin
movement: skeleton with muscle, leaping

2 loop circulatory system, 3 chamber heart, camouflage
carnivores

Example:

frog/toad, (loss of tail), external fertilization

salamander/newts (tail), internal fertilization

caecilians (no legs, no scales)

Time of
Transition Time
of Change

Question 11

Why are amphibians at risk of extinction?

Answer 11

Population decline due to:

1] habitat destruction

2] pesticides / chemical pollutants –

harms delicate skin, tadpole mutations, kills
eggs

Question 12

what are the characteristics of the reptiles?

Answer 12

ectothermic: cold-blooded

lung, scales (cover skin)

3 chamber heart (except alligators 4 chambers)

First true land lifestyle

adaptations to conserve water: skin (with scales
for protection, prevents evaporation) kidneys
(concentrated urine-liquid waste), amniotic egg
(leathery shell with internal membranes)

internal fertilization

Examples: snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators,
crocodiles, dinosaurs (extinct)

Question 13

characteristics of lizards and snakes?

Answer 13

overlapping scales

shed scaly skin

environment: warm

Lizards: 4 legs with clawed toes, tail, ears,
eyelids, 2 lungs; most carnivores; walk/run

Snakes: no legs, streamline body, no ears,
no eyelids, 1 lung; carnivores; slither by
muscle contractions.

Question 14

characteristics of Alligators & Crocodiles?

Answer 14

Largest living reptiles

Nocturnal carnivores

First living “care for young” behavior

Alligators: broad, rounded snout, few teeth
(mouth closed); max size: 15 ft, 1000 lbs

Crocodiles: tapered, pointed snout; pencil-like;
many teeth (mouth closed); max size: 17-20 ft,
2300 lbs

Question 15

characteristics of turtles?

Answer 15

shell (with ribs & backbone) made of
fused scales

beak

herbivores & carnivores

Question 16

characteristics of dinosaurs(extinct reptiles)?

Answer 16

earliest vertebrates with legs directly
beneath their bodies

Brachiosaurus walked on 4 legs

Tyrannosaurus rex ran on 2 legs

Ectotherms or First endotherms

First “care for young” behavior

Extinction: 65 myrs ago due to asteroid
impact in NE Mexico.

Question 17

what are the bird characteristics?

Answer 17

endothermic: warm blooded (maintain constant body
temperature by food and feathers)

feathers

hollow bones

air sacs

First Major Group w/ 4 chamber heart
(prevents mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood)

eggs (hard shell)

“care for young” behavior (feed & protect until young able to fly)

internal fertilization

Question 18

what are the birds adaptations for flight?

Answer 18

hollow bones

wings

large chest muscles

feathers (2 types):

contour feathers- steering & flight

down feathers- trap heat & warmth

air sacs- connected to lungs to obtain more oxygen

Question 19

how do birds get food?

Answer 19

Bills – tear, strainer

Crop - internal storage tank

Two part stomach:

Part 1: chemical breakdown

Part 2: gizzard- physical breakdown
with
stones (gastroliths)

Question 20

what are the characteristics of mammals?

Answer 20

Endotherms-warm blooded

4 chambered heart

fur/hair

Breast.mammary glands,milks

Care for young

Lung with dipgram

Advance nervous system (complex brain for problem solving)

Highly developed senses(large eyes,sonar,smell sensitivity

Question 21

What are the mammals adaptation?

Answer 21

Teeth adaptation
Incisor
Canines
Molar

Cold environment adaptation

To keep warm food

fur/hair

Fat

Movement adaptation

walk,run,hop,swing,glide,swim(flippers)

Question 22

What are the three groups of mammals?

Answer 22

monotones-lay eggs

marsupials-partly developer young live in a pouch

placental mammals-developed in side of mothers body,subdivided based on eating and movement