science 3 Flashcards
flash cards
What is the body organization?
Cell→ Tissue →Organ→ Organ System
what are cells?
basic unit of an organism
What are tissue’s?
group of same cells that have the same
function
What are organs?
contains different tissues but performs a
specific function (activity);
example:
heart – pumps blood;
stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food
What are organ systems?
group of different organs working
together to perform a major (complex) function
What is Dynamic Equilibrium?
a state of balance in
nonliving, physical systems
What is homeostasis
the process by
which an organism’s internal environment
is kept stable in spite of change in the
external environment
[a state of balance/stability in living,
biologic systems]
What are the skeletons functions?
shape & support
move (locomotion)
protect organs
produce blood cells
store minerals
what is the Vertebral Column?
backbone
What is a vertebrate
disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)
what are joints?
Joint: where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways
Immovable joints: no movement;
What are the ligaments?
tissue holding joints together;
bone to bone
what is cartilage
cushion
what are the joint types?
Hinge joint: forward/backward; ex: knee,
elbow
Ball & Socket Joint: free movement; ex:
shoulder, hip
Pivot Joint: side to side rotation; ex: neck
Gliding Joint: sliding motion; ex: wrist,
ankle
What are the bone structures?
Bone Structure (phosphorus, calcium):
Compact Bone (outer): hard, dense;
carrying blood vessels and nerves
Spongy Bone (inner): holes (porous);
lightweight but strong
Marrow (central interior): soft tissue
inside
bone
→ Red Marrow: produces blood cells
→ Yellow Marrow: stores fat (energy)
Osteoporosis: mineral loss leading to weak,
brittle bones.
What are involuntary muscles
Involuntary Muscles: not under conscious
control; example: heart beat, breathing,
digesting food
What are voluntary muscles?
Voluntary Muscles: under conscious
control; example: facial expressions, walking
What are the types of muscles?
Skeletal Muscles: attached to and moves
bones of the skeleton
Striated muscle
Voluntary muscle
Quick, fast but tires quickly
Tendon: attached
muscle to bone
Cardiac Muscle: heart only
striated, branching muscle
involuntary muscle
does not tire
Smooth Muscle: part of internal organs and
blood vessels.
not striated
involuntary muscle
moves slowly, tires more slowly
What are the skin functions?
Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss
Regulates body temperature
Removes waste (perspiration)
Collects environmental information
Produces Vitamin D
LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY
Skin consists of:
epidermis – outer layer
dermis – inner layer
What is the dermis?
DERMIS: located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer
** contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and
oil glands, hair follicle.
Sweat glands- produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)
Oil glands – waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist
Hair follicle – site of hair growth
Below Dermis: Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone
What is the epidermis?
(OUTER LAYER):
No nerves, no blood vessels
Upper Epidermis (dead cell layer) – consists
of dead cells which shed after two weeks
Lower Epidermis (skin producing factory) –
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.
Function: protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.
Melanin – skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning
What can you do to keep your skin healthy
diet
keep clean and dry
limit sun exposure
See dermotologist every year to check skin
for precancerous growths
What is skin cancer?
over exposure to sunlight can
damage skin cells where cells divide
uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).
Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled
What are the digestive system function?
- breakdown food into nutrient
molecules - absorption of nutrient molecules
(into Circulatory System)
eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)
Absorption: nutrient molecules pass through wall of
small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory
System)
What is digestion?
Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient
molecules. Two (2) types of digestion:
Mechanical Digestion: physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)
Chemical Digestion: chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in
mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in
stomach breakdown proteins
What helps with digestion?
Mouth: digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.
Teeth Types:
incisors: cut into pieces
canines: tear, slash into pieces
molars: crush and grind into powder
Enzyme: protein that speed up chemical
reactions
What are the parts of the digestives syestem?
Esophagus: muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach.
Epiglottis: flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.
Peristalsis: involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.
Stomach: holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins:
mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but
some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes)
occurs.
Digestive Juice: HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).
Pepsin: enzyme that breaks down protein.
HCL Acid: chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria
Mucus: covers stomach wall which
protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)
what happens in the stomach.
Stomach cells are quickly replaced if
damaged or worn.
Chyme: solid food is broken down into thick
liquid paste
what is evolution?
physical change of an organism over time is evolution
the sequence of of the vertebrate evolution?
chordate- pre-backbone,flexible rod,nerve cord,notochord,this evolved to fish
fish-back bones, evolved to amphibians ,2 chambered hearts
amphibian-have 2 chambered hearts when young but when a adult 3 chambered heart,evolved to reptiles
reptile-3 chambered hearts except alligators evolved to mammals also dinosaurs also evolved to birds.
mammals-4 chambered hearts
birds and bird flight-4 chambered hearts
why did animals hearts during evolution go to 2 3 and 4 chambered hearts?
this because of reparation
you take oxygen and food to make energy
this was for survival
What was the egg evolution?
fish-jelly eggs
amphibian-jelly
reptile-leathery
mammals-monotreans hard shell eggs
placentals-develops inside inside mother
birds -hard shell egg
what is behavior?
a thing that a organism is used to doing.
what are Stimulus?
a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.
what is a Response?
Response an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused
by stimuli)
what is Instinct?
behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first
time.
what is Learned Behavior?
what is Learned Behavior?
what does Imprinting mean?
newborn recognizes and
follows the first moving object they see
what are Conditioning?
a specific stimulus or
response leads to a good or a bad outcome
(e.g., Pavlov’s dog, salivate at the sound of
a bell).
what is Trial-and-Error Learning?
repeat practice that results in a reward and avoids
behaviors that result in a punishment.
what is Insight Learning?
using what you know
to solve a problem.
what is Communication?
animals use sounds,
scents, body movements to communicate.
what are Pheromone?
a chemical released by one
animal that affects the behavior of another
animal of the same species (e.g., ant
pheromone trail).
what is Aggression?
a threatening behavior that
one animal uses to gain control over another
animal. Aggression is due to competition
over limited resources (food, water, space,
shelter, and mates).
courtship behavior
Courtship Behavior: behavior to prepare for
mating.
Group Behavior
beneficial for safety in
numbers and sharing (cooperation) in work,
food, water, shelter.
Circadian Rhythms
behavior cycles that
occur over a day (e.g., awake/work daylight,
sleep night time).
Hibernation
: sleep/reduced activity during
winter in which the need for food has stopped.
Migration:
routine, seasonal journey of an
animal from one place to another and back
again.
