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science 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the body organization?

A

Cell→ Tissue →Organ→ Organ System

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2
Q

what are cells?

A

basic unit of an organism

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3
Q

What are tissue’s?

A

group of same cells that have the same
function

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4
Q

What are organs?

A

contains different tissues but performs a
specific function (activity);

example:

heart – pumps blood;

stomach – store food; begins breakdown solid food

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5
Q

What are organ systems?

A

group of different organs working
together to perform a major (complex) function

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6
Q

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

A

a state of balance in
nonliving, physical systems

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7
Q

What is homeostasis

A

the process by
which an organism’s internal environment
is kept stable in spite of change in the
external environment

[a state of balance/stability in living,
biologic systems]

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8
Q

What are the skeletons functions?

A

shape & support

move (locomotion)

protect organs

produce blood cells

store minerals

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9
Q

what is the Vertebral Column?

A

backbone

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10
Q

What is a vertebrate

A

disc-like small bones separated
by cartilage (protection, flexibility, movement)

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11
Q

what are joints?

A

Joint: where two bones come together;
allows bones to move in different ways

Immovable joints: no movement;

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12
Q

What are the ligaments?

A

tissue holding joints together;

bone to bone

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13
Q

what is cartilage

A

cushion

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14
Q

what are the joint types?

A

Hinge joint: forward/backward; ex: knee,
elbow

Ball & Socket Joint: free movement; ex:
shoulder, hip

Pivot Joint: side to side rotation; ex: neck

Gliding Joint: sliding motion; ex: wrist,
ankle

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15
Q

What are the bone structures?

A

Bone Structure (phosphorus, calcium):

Compact Bone (outer): hard, dense;
carrying blood vessels and nerves

Spongy Bone (inner): holes (porous);
lightweight but strong

Marrow (central interior): soft tissue
inside
bone

→ Red Marrow: produces blood cells

→ Yellow Marrow: stores fat (energy)

Osteoporosis: mineral loss leading to weak,
brittle bones.

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16
Q

What are involuntary muscles

A

Involuntary Muscles: not under conscious
control; example: heart beat, breathing,
digesting food

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17
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Voluntary Muscles: under conscious
control; example: facial expressions, walking

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18
Q

What are the types of muscles?

A

Skeletal Muscles: attached to and moves
bones of the skeleton
Striated muscle
Voluntary muscle
Quick, fast but tires quickly
Tendon: attached
muscle to bone

Cardiac Muscle: heart only
striated, branching muscle
involuntary muscle
does not tire

Smooth Muscle: part of internal organs and
blood vessels.
not striated
involuntary muscle
moves slowly, tires more slowly

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19
Q

What are the skin functions?

A

Covers and protects from injury, infection,
water loss

Regulates body temperature

Removes waste (perspiration)

Collects environmental information

Produces Vitamin D

LARGEST ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY

Skin consists of:

epidermis – outer layer

dermis – inner layer

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20
Q

What is the dermis?

A

DERMIS: located below the epidermis and above
the fat layer

** contains the nerves, blood vessels, sweat and
oil glands, hair follicle.

Sweat glands- produce perspiration
(temperature regulation)

Oil glands – waterproof hair and keeps skin
moist

Hair follicle – site of hair growth

Below Dermis: Fat Layer, Muscle, Bone

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21
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

(OUTER LAYER):

No nerves, no blood vessels

Upper Epidermis (dead cell layer) – consists
of dead cells which shed after two weeks

Lower Epidermis (skin producing factory) –
consists of living epidermal cells which divide
forming new cells. After two weeks, they die,
move upward becoming part of the Upper
Epidermis surface layer.

Function: protects, cushions, carries away
bacteria, produces melanin.

Melanin – skin (color) pigment which protects
against burning

22
Q

What can you do to keep your skin healthy

A

diet

keep clean and dry

limit sun exposure

See dermotologist every year to check skin
for precancerous growths

23
Q
A
24
Q

What is skin cancer?

A

over exposure to sunlight can
damage skin cells where cells divide
uncontrollably (basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).

Too much Sun: skin leathery and wrinkled

25
Q

What are the digestive system function?

A
  1. breakdown food into nutrient
    molecules
  2. absorption of nutrient molecules

(into Circulatory System)

eliminate solid waste (Excretory System)

Absorption: nutrient molecules pass through wall of
small intestine into bloodstream (Circulatory
System)

26
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion: breakdown food into nutrient
molecules. Two (2) types of digestion:

Mechanical Digestion: physical breakdown by
chewing (mouth) and churning (stomach)

Chemical Digestion: chemicals (enzymes,
acids) breakdown food. Example: enzymes in
mouth breakdown starch into sugars, acids in
stomach breakdown proteins

27
Q

What helps with digestion?

A

Mouth: digestion begins; saliva contains
water, DNA, enzymes (which breaks down
starches). Teeth physically breaks down food.

Teeth Types:

incisors: cut into pieces

canines: tear, slash into pieces

molars: crush and grind into powder

Enzyme: protein that speed up chemical
reactions

28
Q

What are the parts of the digestives syestem?

A

Esophagus: muscular tube connecting
mouth to stomach.

Epiglottis: flap (sheet) of tissue which
seals off trachea (windpipe) to lungs.

Peristalsis: involuntary muscular
contractions that push food toward
stomach and through intestines.

Stomach: holds/stores food; where protein
breakdown begins:

mostly mechanical digestion (churning) but

some chemical digestion (acids, enzymes)
occurs.

Digestive Juice: HCL acid and pepsin
(enzyme).

Pepsin: enzyme that breaks down protein.

HCL Acid: chemical that breaks down solid
food into paste (chyme); kills bacteria

Mucus: covers stomach wall which
protects stomach against ulcers (= holes in
stomach wall)

29
Q

what happens in the stomach.

A

Stomach cells are quickly replaced if
damaged or worn.

Chyme: solid food is broken down into thick
liquid paste

30
Q

what is evolution?

A

physical change of an organism over time is evolution

31
Q

the sequence of of the vertebrate evolution?

A

chordate- pre-backbone,flexible rod,nerve cord,notochord,this evolved to fish

fish-back bones, evolved to amphibians ,2 chambered hearts

amphibian-have 2 chambered hearts when young but when a adult 3 chambered heart,evolved to reptiles

reptile-3 chambered hearts except alligators evolved to mammals also dinosaurs also evolved to birds.

mammals-4 chambered hearts

birds and bird flight-4 chambered hearts

32
Q

why did animals hearts during evolution go to 2 3 and 4 chambered hearts?

A

this because of reparation

you take oxygen and food to make energy

this was for survival

33
Q

What was the egg evolution?

A

fish-jelly eggs

amphibian-jelly

reptile-leathery

mammals-monotreans hard shell eggs
placentals-develops inside inside mother

birds -hard shell egg

34
Q

what is behavior?

A

a thing that a organism is used to doing.

35
Q

what are Stimulus?

A

a signal that causes an organism to react in some way.

36
Q

what is a Response?

A

Response an organism’s reaction to a stimulus. (All animal behaviors are caused
by stimuli)

37
Q

what is Instinct?

A

behavior without being taught (not learned); a response that is inborn (coded in the genes) and performed correctly the first
time.

38
Q

what is Learned Behavior?

A

what is Learned Behavior?

39
Q

what does Imprinting mean?

A

newborn recognizes and
follows the first moving object they see

40
Q

what are Conditioning?

A

a specific stimulus or
response leads to a good or a bad outcome
(e.g., Pavlov’s dog, salivate at the sound of
a bell).

41
Q

what is Trial-and-Error Learning?

A

repeat practice that results in a reward and avoids
behaviors that result in a punishment.

42
Q

what is Insight Learning?

A

using what you know
to solve a problem.

43
Q

what is Communication?

A

animals use sounds,
scents, body movements to communicate.

44
Q

what are Pheromone?

A

a chemical released by one
animal that affects the behavior of another
animal of the same species (e.g., ant
pheromone trail).

45
Q

what is Aggression?

A

a threatening behavior that
one animal uses to gain control over another
animal. Aggression is due to competition
over limited resources (food, water, space,
shelter, and mates).

46
Q

courtship behavior

A

Courtship Behavior: behavior to prepare for
mating.

47
Q

Group Behavior

A

beneficial for safety in
numbers and sharing (cooperation) in work,
food, water, shelter.

48
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

behavior cycles that
occur over a day (e.g., awake/work daylight,
sleep night time).

49
Q

Hibernation

A

: sleep/reduced activity during
winter in which the need for food has stopped.

50
Q

Migration:

A

routine, seasonal journey of an
animal from one place to another and back
again.

science flash cards (10 decks)

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