science Flashcards
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What is the Immune system
Infectious disease, pathogen, toxin, antibody, antigen, phagocyte, lymphocyte, T
Cells, B cells, immune response, fever, inflammatory response
What is the nervous system
Stimulus, response, neuron, nerve impulse, dendrites, axon, nerve fiber, nerve,
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, synapse, reflex arc, central nervous
system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous
system, brain, spinal cord, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, concussion, stroke
What is the endocrine system
Hormones, Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal gland,
adrenaline, negative feedback loop, gigantism, dwarfism
What is the reproductive system
testes, scrotum, semen, penis, ovaries, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, ovulation,
fertilization, zygote, embryo, fetus, menstrual cycle
What is the human life cycle
amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord, birth, delivery,
afterbirth, identical twins, fraternal twins, infancy,
childhood, adolescence, puberty, aging
What is fertilization
joining of sperm and egg forming
zygote.
What is a Zygote
fertilized egg
What is the pre-birth development
Zygote → Embryo → Fetus → (birth) → newborn baby
what is an embryo
from “two cell stage” to 8 weeks;
cell division occurs.
what is a fetus
3-9 months(birth)
what is the Amniotic Sac
fluid filled sac that cushions/protects
embryo/fetus
Placenta
regulating organ between baby & mother;
nutrients/oxygen in & waste out
what is the Umbilical cord
connects fetus to placenta
belly button
What is birth
Birth: ~ 9 month in humans; three stages:
labor, delivery, afterbirth
Labor: strong muscular contractions of uterus,
cervix (opening) enlarges
Delivery: from uterus to outside world
Afterbirth: contractions push placenta and
other membranes/fluid out through the vagina.
What are identical twins
from a single fertilized egg
that splits results in two genetically
identical individuals (copies).
what are fraternal twins
two different
eggs released & fertilized by
two different sperm; two different
individuals sharing the same womb.
what is infancy
dramatic change in shape & size;
nervous / muscular system development; learning
new physical skills.
what is childhood
more active, independent,
further physical & mental changes
what is adolescence
gradual change from child to
adult
what is puberty
At 12-14 yrs, ability to reproduce;
produce baby
what is aging
(30+ yrs) skin begins to wrinkle, decrease
muscle strength, changing hair color, eye
problems (40-65 yrs) menopause (ovulation,
menstruation stops), decrease sperm
Slow Aging: diet, exercise
What is the nucleus
membrane bound control center of
cell containing X-shaped structures called
chromosomes. Each chromosome consists
of two chromatids held together by a
centromere.
what are chromosones
X-shaped structure
consisting of a single DNA molecule.
What’s are DNA molecules
consisting of genes, the
“code of life”
What are organisms
½ genes mom + ½ genes dad
what is interphase
chromosomes can not be seen;
doubling of chromosomes; nuclear membrane
present; 99% of cell life.
What does mitosis stand for
Prophase: spindle fibers form; chromosomes seen
(randomly arranged).
Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the Middle,
no nuclear membrane.
Anaphase: chromosomes move Apart (Away)
Telophase: Two joined cells; two nuclear
membranes form
what is cytokineses
Two separated daughter cells form.
what is cell division
growth (embryo, fetus, infancy → adulthood) and
repair/maintanence of an organism
what is asexual reproduction
simple life
1 parent / 2 daughter cells
parent/daughter cells identical appearance
(genes)
parent/daughter cell same number of
chromosomes
My toes
(Mitosis)
are identical !!
What is sexual reproduction
Two parents (male, female)
daughter cells are a mixture/combination of
genes compared to parent cell (by crossover)
parent to daughter cell different number
of chromosomes
Parent 2x chromosomes compared to
daughter cells
Daughter half (½) chromosomes
compared to parent cell
Sperm and egg = Me i o sis
What is cancer
abnormal cell division; uncontrolled
mitosis; certain DNA mutations cause cells to
divide in an uncontrolled way.
What is the cause of cancer
Mutations are caused by:
1] Chemicals (carcinogens; ex: smoking,
gasoline, alcohol, fried foods)
2] Radiation (high dose; atomic bomb, nuclear
reactor meltdown Chernobyl (for Simon),
Ukraine)
3] Hereditary (ex: breast cancer)
what is caner treatment
surgery, radiation, drugs,
immunotherapy.
how can you prevent cancer
avoid smoking, eat healthy diet,
protect skin from bright sunlight. Vitamins may
help.
what are gene’s
allele (dad) + allele (mom)
what are allele
T or t
what is a purebred
same alleles (gene);
TT, tt
what are hybrid
mixture of alleles; Tt
what is being dominant
shows itself (strong); Tt, TT
what is recessive
often hidden (weak); tt
what is an offspring
children
what was Mendel’s experiment
Mendel took pea plant’s and had them reproduce and looked at there alleles and mated them he found that for every four children there will be 3 tall and 1 chort.
