sci_mod12 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organisms that produce their own food

A

Producers

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2
Q

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food

A

Consumers

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3
Q

A consumer that eats producers exclusively

A

Herbivore

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4
Q

A consumer that eats only other consumers

A

Carnivore

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5
Q

A consumer that eats both plants and other consumers

A

Omnivore

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6
Q

The minimum amount of energy required by the body every day

A

Basal metabolic rate

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7
Q

From where does the energy in living organisms ultimately originate?

A

The energy in living organisms originates in the sun.

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8
Q

Label each of the following as a consumer, producer, or decomposer: a. mushroom

b. evergreen bush
c. worm
d. algae

A

a. A mushroom is in kingdom Fungi and is therefore a decomposer.
b. An evergreen bush is a plant and is therefore a producer.
c. A worm eats other things (it is certainly not a plant!), thus it is a consumer.
d. In Module #10, you learned that algae are the most important source of photosynthesis on the planet. Thus, they are producers.

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9
Q

What is the name of the chemical process that converts food into energy?

A

Food is converted to energy via the process of combustion.

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10
Q

What does combustion require?

A

Combustion requires oxygen, as well as something to burn, like wood or monosaccharides.

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11
Q

What does combustion produce?

A

Combustion produces energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

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12
Q

What are the three macronutrients?

A

The three macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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13
Q

What is the main thing that macronutrients provide?

A

The main thing that the macronutrients provide is energy.

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14
Q

Do we need to eat more macronutrients or micronutrients?

A

We need to eat a lot more macronutrients.

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15
Q

Which is larger: a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide?

A

Disaccharides are made of 2 monosaccharides linked together, while polysaccharides are made of several monosaccharides linked together. Thus, a polysaccharide is the largest.

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16
Q

Is glucose a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide?

A

Glucose is a monosaccharide. Most carbohydrates contain a lot of glucose.

17
Q

What are the two basic kinds of fat? How can you distinguish them?

A

Fats come in two types: saturated fats and unsaturated fats. You can distinguish them by looking at them while they are at room temperature. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid.

18
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Proteins are made of long strings of amino acids.

19
Q

In what order does the body prefer to burn the macronutrients?

A

The body prefers to burn carbohydrates, then fats, and then proteins (or amino acids).

20
Q

When proteins are eaten, they are broken down into their amino acids. If your cells are short on amino acids, what happens to the amino acids that come from the proteins you eat? What happens if your cells have plenty of amino acids?

A

If your cells do not have enough amino acids, the amino acids from the proteins you eat are shipped to your cells so that your cells can make the proteins they need. If your cells have plenty of amino acids, the amino acids from the proteins you eat are converted into carbohydrates or fats.

21
Q

Why is it important to eat either animal protein or a wide variety of plant protein?

A

Your cells must make proteins by linking together amino acids. There are several amino acids which your body cannot make. Thus, you must get them from food. Without those amino acids, your cells will not be able to make the proteins they need to make. Animal proteins have these amino acids in plentiful supply. Plant proteins rarely have all of them. Thus, people who eat only plants must get a wide variety of plant proteins to make sure they get those amino acids.

22
Q

Which type of animal has a higher BMR: an endothermic animal or an ectothermic animal?

A

Endothermic animals have higher BMRs. The BMR tracks the minimum amount of energy needed to survive. Both endothermic and ectothermic animals have involuntary muscles that need energy, but only endothermic animals expend energy to keep their internal temperatures high.

23
Q

Which type of animal is less active on a cold day: an endothermic animal or an ectothermic animal?

A

Ectothermic animals are slower on cold days. Since their body temperatures are not held constant, the colder days reduce the speed at which the chemical reactions can occur in their bodies. This makes them sluggish.

24
Q

What do calories measure?

A

Calories are a measure of energy. They can be used to measure how much energy is in food, or how much energy is expended by a living organism.

25
Q

Consider two men. While they sleep, they burn about the same number of calories. However, the first man needs significantly more calories than the second in order to keep his weight constant. Which man is less active during the day?

A

The second man is less active during the day. Since they both burn about the same number of calories while sleeping, they both have essentially the same BMR. Remember, BMR is the minimum amount of energy you need. The amount of energy you burn when you sleep is pretty minimal. If the first needs more food, he must be burning more energy during the day, when both men are active.

26
Q

If Jean needs to eat more calories than Wanda in order to keep her weight constant, can you immediately conclude that Jean is more active than Wanda?

A

No, you cannot. It might be that Jean’s BMR is simply much higher than Wanda’s. They can each be very active, but their BMR is a major factor in determining how much food they need.

27
Q

Which has a higher BMR: a horse or a pig?

A

In general, the smaller the mammal the higher the BMR, because the more energy the animal has to spend keeping its internal temperature high. Thus, the pig has the higher BMR.

28
Q

Where does the combustion of food take place?

A

Combustion of food takes place in the cell.

29
Q

Why is the mitochondrion called the “powerhouse” of the cell?

A

The mitochondrion is called the “powerhouse” of the cell because the majority of energy in the combustion process is released in step 3, which takes place in the mitochondrion.