Schrock Carddeck Flashcards
1
Q
Who were the first people to use rockets as a weapon and when did that occur?
A
1232 the chinese used rockets called fire arrows
2
Q
Who came up with rockets being powered by gun powder and when?
A
Konrad Kieser von Eichstädt in 1405
3
Q
What did William Congreve of Britain contribute to the rocket?
A
Standardized gunpowder composition, added flight stabilizing guide sticks, and built the first viable launch pads.
4
Q
What did William Hale contribute to the rocket?
A
He came up with idea of spin stabilization
5
Q
What scientist made the first computations for rocket flights in space?
A
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
6
Q
What did Dr. Oberth contribute to the rocket?
A
Studied and researched liquid rocket fuel
7
Q
Who the father of modern rocketry and what is he known for?
A
Dr. Robbert Goddard build the first liquid propellant rocket
8
Q
What is newtons law of universal gravitation?
A
F= (M1*M2)/(r^2)
9
Q
What are newtons three laws of motion?
A
1) Body at rest stays at rest
2) F=ma
3) Every action has equal and opposite reaction
10
Q
What are the four major systems of a rocket?
A
1) Airframe system
2) Propulsion system
3) Guidance system
4) Control system
11
Q
What is the brain of the rocket?
A
Guidance system
12
Q
What are the three types of propulsion systems?
A
Chemical, gas heating, and electric
13
Q
Define specific impulse.
A
Number of pounds thrust delivered by consuming one pound of propellant in one second
14
Q
Define density impulse.
A
Relationship of thrust to volume
15
Q
What are the four characteristics of an air mass?
A
1) Surface over which it was formed
2) The season
3) Surface that it travels over
4) Length of time it has been away from its source
16
Q
What is a squall line?
A
Line of thunderstorm
17
Q
Which moves faster, cold or warm front?
A
Cold
18
Q
What are the three general types of clouds?
A
Cumulus, stratus, cirrus
19
Q
In characterizing clouds, what does ‘fracto’ mean?
A
Broken/ragged layer “fractostratus” is a broken stratus layer
20
Q
Describe flying into a stratus cloud.
A
Low visibility but not much if any turbulence
21
Q
Describe flying in cumulus clouds.
A
Bumpy AF but not really that dangerous unless there is a lot of vertical growth which is a big sign of a thunderstorm
22
Q
What are the five types of fog?
A
Radiation, high-inversion, advection, evaporation, and upslope
23
Q
What is El Nino and what is La Nina?
A
El Nino is the heating of the Pacific Ocean effecting the weather around the world and La Nina is the cooling of the ocean doing the same thing
24
Q
Define windward and leeward?
A
Windward is the side of a mountain facing the wind and leeward is the back side
25
What are three ways to study the make up of an atmosphere?
1) Its elements
2)Its regions
3) Its pressure
26
What is the troposphere?
The layer humans live in from 0 to 55k feet
27
What is the tropopause?
Divinding layer between the the troposphere and the stratosphere
28
What is the stratosphere?
Above the troposphere up to around 30miles up. There is a temp inversion here
29
What is the stratopause?
In-between stratosphere and the mesosphere
30
What is the mesosphere?
Above the stratosphere and primarily a temp decrease with altitude, goes up to about 50m
31
What is the thermosphere?
This is the area above the mesosphere and goes to about 300m, big temp inversion
32
What is the mesopause?
Layer in-between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
33
What are the temperature arrangement shells of the atmosphere?
Trophosphere, tropopause, stratosphere, stratopause, mesosphere, mesopause, thermosphere
34
What are the physicochemical process shells of the atmosphere?
Ozonosphere and then Ionosphere
35
What is the neutrosphere?
This is everything below the ionosphere
36
What is the chemosphere?
Overlaps the ozonosphere and ionosphere
37
What are the molecular composition layers of the atmosphere?
Homosphere (all compounds are evenly mixed) Heterosphere (all compound separate because of density with the heaviest compounds at the bottom)
38
How is the exosphere defined?
Begins at the top of earths atmosphere where atoms are so far apart that you would have to travel 100 miles before running into another one
39
As you increase temperature can more or less water be held in the air before It becomes saturated?
More
40
Define sublimation
Gas to solid
41
What is the difference between humidity vs relative humidity?
Humidity is how much water is in the air and relative is the percent of how much water can be held in the air before reaching the dew point
42
What is the difference between condensation and precipitation?
Both gas to liquid, condensation included clouds, fog, dew and frost (does not fall from the sky)
Precipitation is everything that falls from the sky (rain. snow etc.)
43
What are the four types of heat transfer?
1) Conduction-one molecule heats up another adjacent molecule
2) Convection - heat transfer by vertical motion (thermals)
3) Advection - moving or blowing of air across another airmass
4) Radiation - heat is transferred by waves
44
What is insolation?
The rate at which the earth's surface is heated by solar radiation
45
What is the coriolis effect?
Rotation of the earth causing things to drift to the east
46
What is the pressure gradient?
Shows how wind flows from high pressure to low
47
What is the longitudinal axis?
Roll, from tip to tail
48
What is the lateral axis?
Pitch, wing tip to tip
49
What is the vertical axis?
Yaw, bottom of plane to top
50
What is a truss fuselage?
Fuselage made with a bunch of trusses (struts) on the wall
51
What is the difference between monocoque vs semimonocoque fuselage?
The skin on a monocoque is under tension and is doing the work where as the skin on a semi is just a skin and the internal frame is doing the work
52
What is the difference between induced lift and dynamic lift?
Induced lift is from the camber (induced by Bernoulli's principles)
Dynamic lift is from CHANGING the angle of attack
53
What is form drag?
The actual shape of the object moving through the air can cause separation from the airfoil or whatever it is (the burbling behind an object)
54
What is wave drag?
The increased drag that comes from going though the sound barrier do to the change in temperature and pressure and viscosity.
55
What was the X-15
Joint project to make a really fast high flying plane. Built with Iconcel X alloy to withstand high temperatures.
56
Who set the speed record in the X-15 and who set the altitude record?
1967; Robert White, Mach 6.72 and Joe Walker, 314,750 feet
57
Discuss the XB-70.
Designed to be a supersonic replacement to the B-52 and could fly Mach3 at 70k feet. This program was canceled after only making two because congress decided a supersonic bomber was not needed
58
Describe oblique wings and name a plane that used this technology?
Moving wings about the center to best fit the situation so that efficiency can be maximized at sub and super sonic speeds. AD-1 Scissors (1982)
59
What is a canard?
Small "wings" in front of the main wing
60
What are mission adaptive wings?
Wings that move from swept to perpendicular (B-1B Lancer "bone")
61
Name some short haul jets and long haul jets.
Caravelle I, 727, 737, DC-9 ///// 747, DC-10, L-101
62
What supersonic planes did France/Britiain and Russia make?
Concorde; TU-144
63
What was the first multiengine general aviation plane?
Beechcraft Twin Bonanza in 1951
64
What was the first business turbojet?
Hawker Siddeley 125
65
What was the first jumbo jet?
747
66
What is the most successful jet?
727
67
Why did the USA shrink the military after WWII?
Because they were certain that nobody would attack the US with fear of the atomic bomb.
68
When was the Air Force established?
National Security Act passed on July 26th 1947 and was signed by Truman on September 18th, 1947 with General Spaatz as the first COS
69
What was the first primary mission of the USAF?
Deterrence
70
What was the first Jet plane and when did it fly?
Germany's Heinkel HE-178; 1939
71
Who designed the first jet engine?
Frank Whittle in 1937
72
What was America's first jet plane?
P-59; 1942
73
Describe Germany's vengeance weapons?
V-1, buzz bomb that was like a rocket plane thing, not very accurate and very loud
V-2, beginning of space age, missile and was accurate and effective (1944)
74
What is the biggest demonstration of the air cargo power?
Berlin Airlift; Supplying east Germany with supplies fora whole year. (2,330,000 tons)
75
Why were American jets able to take down the much better performing and advanced Russian Mig-15?
Because USA had much better trained pilots.
76
What airpower lessons were learned in Korea?
1) US atomic arsenal alone is not enough to prevent involvement in a war.
2) Coordination across all branches/assets is key
3) Need to develop all types of planes
77
Why did the DC-4, which was not as good performance wise to the C-69 Constellation, become the most popular commercial plane after the war?
Because there were a lot of surplus DC-4s from the war and were cheaper because of it.
78
What was the first pure jet airliner?
DeHavilland Comet 1 (1952)
79
What were the big three in general aviation manufacturing?
Cessna, Piper, and Beech
80
What were some of the problems aircraft were experiencing as they approached the sound barrier?
1) High friction
2) Control Reversal
3) Severe vibrations
81
What does NACA stand for?
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics
82
When and who and in what broke the sound barrier first?
Chuck Yeager in 1946 in an X-1 dropped off of a B-29
83
How is the X-3 different from X-1 and X-2?
X-1/2 are rocket powered and X-3 was jet and designed to be able to take off on its own.
84
When are swept wings good and when are they bad?
Needed for supersonic flight but don't generate enough lift at low speeds.
85
What is significant about the X-5?
It had variable swept wings.
86
What was the USAs first all jet bomber?
B-47 (1947) It had a short range so another plane needed to be developed
87
Why was the B-52 developed?
Because US needed a good long range bomber to replace the B-47 as the primary nuke dropper
88
What as the B-58?
A supersonic bomber. but was too expensive so it was retired
89
What was operation rolling thunder?
Bombing campaign in the beginning of the Vietnam war that involved strategic bombing. wasn't effective because they kept rebuilding and fighting without mercy.
90
What were Vietnamese SAM and AAA?
Surface-to-air missiles and Anti-aircraft artillery
91
What was the A-6 bomber?
A small naval "fighter"-bomber launched from carriers
92
What as the tet offensive?
(1968) Large attack from north Vietnamese against south and USA, but because they were all out in the open, strategic bombing was a lot more effective but this was really the first time war was on TV, starting protests etc when people saw the horrors of war.
93
What was operation linebacker and how was it different form rolling thunder?
As US was leaving Vietnam, Nixon ordered B-52 strikes across Vietnam to help support the south Vietnamese army. as well as to cut off Chinese supplies from entering north Vietnam. It is different because Nixon let his advisors handle the locations and strategy without worry of the USSR/China reaction like Johnson did.
94
What was linebacker II?
After US troops had completely left Vietnam, conflict was still there so Nixon completely destroyed north Vietnam with B-52s hoping to drive them to the negotiating table. Only true strategic bombing of Vietnam
95
What was operation desert shield?
(1990) The build up of forces to motivate Iraq to remove forces from Kuwait. The whole freaking world teamed up to reck. (Became desert storm once combat started
96
What was the civil reserve air fleet (CRAF)?
Dozens of airliners contributing cargo and and passenger aircraft to the airlift effort in operation desert shield
97
What was desert storm?
Operation of removing Iraqi troops from Kuwait during the gulf war.
98
Describe the bombing plan of the gulf war (Air tasking orders)?
Instead of bombing one place and then another (allowing Iraq to rebuild each place) The forces divided up the country and bombed almost everything every single day.
99
What was operation noble eagle?
Response of 9/11 to provide surveillance and protect the USA
100
What was operation enduring freedom?
Whole world teaming up in Iraq to restore it with a new democratic government?
101
What was the B-36?
Large bomber with 6 pusher props
102
korean war
Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.
103
What is the 38th parallel?
Dividing line between North and South Korea
104
What was the first turboprop airliner?
Vickers viscount
105
What was the first vtol air craft?
Flying Bedstead
106
How did Germany rebuild its Air Force for WW2?
Disguising it as commercial flight and by training pilots in other countries.
107
How did Italy and Japan prepare for air power in WW2?
Italy, practiced in in spanish civil war and against Ethiopia and Mussolini built it up
Japan, got help from RAF and France, practice with small uprising as well
108
What was "blitzkrieg"?
Type of warfare where the Air Force is used in support of the ground troop to destroy everything in its path.
109
When was the first time troops were dropped into combat as paratroopers?
Germany in 1940
110
What was learned from the battle of Britain?
Having the right type of planes is key, use of radar and technology is needed, determination and persistence is also needed
111
Which country used women in combat sorties during WW2?
Russia
112
Why did Japan attack air power before going for ground target when attacking pearl harbor?
The new that if they achieved control of the air they could concentrate on the naval fleet with little to no interference.
113
In December of 1942, what did Civilian Pilot training program change its name to?
CAA WTS (war training service)
114
What was the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron?
Civilian female pilots that ferried aircraft to combat zones
115
What were the main lessons learned in North Africa?
1) Gain Air superiority
2) Interdiction
3) Close ground support
116
Why were so many American bombers shot down at the begging of strategic bombing in WWII?
They wee not supported, but the P-51 came to save the day
117
What innovation with the P51 allowed them to fly longer with. the bombers?
They had extra gas tanks they could use and then drop when they needed to dog fight.
118
Top three aces in Europe.
Erich Hartmann (germany), Hans Wind (finland) I.N. Kozhedub (russia)
119
How did allied forces stop the Japanese advances across the pacific?
Two battles entirely fought by air power. Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway.
120
Two battles entirely fought by air power. Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway.
Because in order to strategic bomb Japan, they needed to take control of the islands to use as air bases.
121
When and where was the most destructive air raid in history?
March of 1945, Tokyo was attacked. 334 B-29s flew low and destroyed 15 square miles of city
122
When were the two atomic bombs dropped?
1) August 6th, 1945 Hiroshima
2) August 9th, 1945 Nagasaki
123
What were the top three priority targets of allied bombers going for Germany?
1) submarine factories, docks and ports
2) Aircraft factories and munition plants
3) Communication and transportation systems
124
Who was the first person to cross the Atlantic in a plane (not nonstop)?
Lt Cmdr Albert Read in NC-4 (May 30th 1919)
125
Who were the first people to cross the Atlantic nonstop?
John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown from St. Johns to Ireland in 16 hours and 12 minutes (June 15th 1919)
126
Who were the barnstormers?
Group of former American aviators from WW1 that flew around the country gathering attention to aviation by buzzing towns and giving flights and having daredevils wing walk. Many Americans had never seen a plane or only thought they were scary until the barnstormers showed up.
127
Who was the first license female transport pilot? (also was a barnstormer)
Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie
128
Who was a barnstormer and the first licensed black female pilot?
Bessie Coleman
129
When did Billy Mitchell drop bombs on the captured battleships to prove the future of airpower?
July of 1921
130
Who were the first persons to fly across the US nonstop?
May 1923; Oakley Kelly and John Macready in a Fokker T-2
131
When did the first planes circumnavigate the earth?
1924
132
When and who were involved in the first air refueling?
August 1923; Lowell Smith and JP Richter
133
What was significant about Army Lieutenant Russel Maughan's flight across the US in 21 hours (dawn to dusk)?
Proves that planes can be moved any were in the US in less than one day.
134
When was the first demonstration of paratroopers and why is that significant?
1929 and because it shows how airpower can quickly move troops anywhere.
135
Name ways Billy Mitchel attempted to prove to the US Congress that air power was the future?
Sink German ship, circumnavigate the earth, air refueling, paratroopers
136
Who started and why did he start the Pulitzer Trophy Race? Who was the first winner and when was it?
Ralph Pulitzer, to attempt to build American air power because of how behind we were next to Europe, Corliss Moseley (1920)
137
When, to what, and why did the Pulitzer Trophy Race changes its name?
Changed to National Air Race because it got to be such a big completion with many races in 1924
138
What was the Thompson trophy?
pylon Race established in 1930 for fastest plane
139
What was the Bendix trophy race?
created to encourage experimental developments by airplane designers and to improve the skills of aviators in cross-country flying techniques, such as weather plotting, high altitude and instrument flight.
140
What was different about the Schneider Trophy Race
It was only for sea planes
141
What was the "ninety-nines"?
Women's air derby led to the formation of this Association of women pilots. The first president was Amelia Earhart and is still around today dedicated to the improvement and development of women in aviation.
142
When did the post office begin using air mail service and when did it become a regular basis thing?
1) 1918
2) 1924
143
What was the Air Mail act of 1925?
Made possible the private carrying of mail and the economic regulation of the federal air system. It really marked the begging of commercial aviation in the US
144
What was the Air Commerce act?
(1926) Established aerobatic branch of the department of commerce. It provided safety, maps, flight data, laws of flying and air ways, etc. It aided in the continuing development of commercial airlines.
145
What was the Air mail act of 1934?
Increased regulation of commercial airlines baby forcing them to report to three agencies (which worried the airlines) and separated air transport companies from aircraft manufactures
146
What was the air mail act of 1938?
Combines both economic and safety regs into one agency called Civil Aeronautical Authority
147
Who was the first person to cross the Atlantic solo and when?
Charles Lindbergh in may of 1927
148
When did Amelia Earhart make her first solo Atlantic flight and when did she go missing?
1932; 1937
149
What was the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)?
Founded by Woodrow Wilson in 1915, it supervised and directed the scenic study of aviation.
150
What did Daniel Guggenheim do?
He established school of aeronautics at NYU in 1926 which did research on developing air craft.
151
What is Jimmy Doolittle famous for?
Inventing the artificial horizon and other aviation instruments allowing him to land and takeoff without looking out the window.
152
Who made the first practical helicopter?
Igor Sikorsky in 1939
153
What was the McNary-Watres Act?
Amendment to Airmail act of 1925 that gave incentives to those airlines who built and flew larger planes
154
What was special about the Boeing 247?
First all metal airliner and could carry 10 passengers and 400 pounds of mail and could fly across the US (1933)
155
What famous plane proved to be better than the Boeing 247 and developed by Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA)?
DC-2 (1934) and later the DC-3 (1936) which became the most commonly used commercial plane and one of the most successful planes ever.
156
What was the first airline/plane to fly transpacific?
Pan American with the China Clipper
157
When did the Hindenburg explode?
1937
158
What was the first long range bomber of the army?
The B-299 (B-17) in 1935
159
What was the Civilian Pilot Training Program?
Pushed by Gen Hap Arnold, got funding from congress to teach thousands of pilots across the country to help prepare for a future war (1939)
160
What was the first Civilian Pilot Training program (CPTP) for African Americans?
Tuskegee Sub Depot in Alabama
161
Describe the requirements of the contract the wright brothers signed with the US Army.
(army was skeptical at first because of langley's failures) Had to design a plane with pilot and a passenger that could fly 125 miles at at least 36mph under perfect control. Had to also be able to be disassembled for transport.
162
Who was known as the fastest man on earth because of his motorcycle speed record and his super light and powerful engines that were desired on planes/dirigibles?
Glenn Curtiss
163
What are some of the accomplishments made by Curtiss and Graham bell's "Aerial Experiment Association"
1) First American plane with ailerons
2) First sea plane
3) Fastest plane at the time
164
Who was the first US President to fly?
Theodore Roosevelt
165
Who was the first person to fly across the country in an airplane? Give some details about it.
Calbraith Perry Rodgers.
Took 49 days and was sponsored by Vin Fiz (a soda company). The goal was 30 days.
166
Who was America's first licensed female pilot?
Harriet Quimby
167
Who was the first woman to fly solo across the English Channel?
Harriet Quimby
168
Who designed and who built the first plane with ailerons?
1) Matthew Boulton
2) Robert Esnault-Pelterie
169
Who built the first fully enclosed fuselage?
Robert Esnault-Pelterie
170
Who flew the first plane across the English channel and what was significant about this plane?
Louis Bleriot and it was the first monoplane (Bleriot XI)
171
Who filed the patent for the first multiengine airplane?
Short Brothers of England
172
What was significant about Igor Sikorsky's airplane Legrand?
First plane with four motors. First enclosed cockpit. had a passenger cabin.
173
What invention improved engine performance and decreased weight? Invented by the french brothers Laurent and Gustav Seguin called the Gnome..
Rotary Engine
174
Who was the first person to lift off the ground In a helicopter?
Frenchman, Paul Cornu
175
Talk about the first regularly scheduled commercial flight.
Across Tampa Bay in the twin engine Benoist XIV flying boat
176
Describe American aviation involvement in WW1?
Congress realized they were the only ones without a fleet of planes, so they allocated lots of money and never flew a single plane in combat.
177
What were the first bombers used?
Avro 504 against the German Zeppelin
178
What plane replaced the Zepplin as a more efficient bomber?
Gotha IV
179
Who invented the machine gun that shoots through the propellors?
Anthony Fokker
180
Name some of the fighters in WW1.
Camel, SE-5A, Spad VII, Nieport 28, Fokker
181
Define Ace and "ace of aces".
Ace is someone who gets 5 kills dogfighting and ace of aces is the pilot from each country who gets the most kills of all the aces.
182
Who were the Lafayette Escadrille?
American pilots flying for France before the US entered the war.
183
Who made the first powered flight in Europe?
Alberto Santos-Dumont
184
Who built the first device to carry humans in air and what was it?
China and the Kite
185
Who invented gunpowder and the rocket?
The Chinese in 1100 AD
186
Who made the first scientific research in aviation and who made the first designs for helicopters and parachutes?
Leonardo da Vinci
187
Define ornithopter.
Flying machine that are kept aloft by flapping wings.
188
Who came up with the "Aerial Ship" (1670 design for a flying boat with lighter than air balloon like objects)
Francesco de Lana
189
Who is credited with the invention of the hot air ballon and who are the first people to create a functioning balloon?
Laurenco de Gusmao of Portugal
&
Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier
190
Who was the first person to make a parachute jump?
Andre-Jacques Garnerin
191
What is a dirigible and why is it significant?
A lighter than air craft that can be propelled and steered. Designed by Jean Baptiste Meusnier and built by Henri Giffard
192
What was the first rigid dirigible and who built/flew it?
LZ-1 Zepplin, Flown by Ferdinand von Zeppelin
193
Who was the first airplane pioneer responsible for identifying the forces of lift drag and thrust. He also identified having a cambered wing to make lift.
George Cayley
194
Who came up with the idea of a vertical stabilizer?
Alphonse Penaud
195
What did John Montgomery contribute to the airplane?
He designed gliders and made thousands of experiments on wing design making the first practical glider.
196
Who is the father of modern aviation?
Otto Lilienthal
197
Who was Samuel Pierpont Langley?
Was funded by the Gov to build a powered plane. Made some small successful flights but not controlled. His last plane was the Aerodrome, which took off on top of a houseboat and crashed into the Potomac.
198
Describe the Wright Brothers contribution to the airplane.
They developed small engines to make the first powered controlled manned flight. Key word is controlled. They noticed how birds changed their wings to turn. They came up with aileron control by "warping" the wings to turn.
199
What are the three basic problems of airplane flight?
1) Develop lift to get in the air.
2) Sustain lift once in the air.
3) Develop a way to control the aircraft in the air.
200
Who organized ballon signal service for the union army?
Thaddeus S.C. Lowe
201
What is apogee?
Highest point in an orbit
202
What is the perigee?
Lowest point in an orbit
203
What is burnout velocity?
The speed a rocket has after all of the fuel has been burned
204
Define total velocity requirement.
Sum of all the changes in velocity needed for the trip (to be used in propellant calculations)
205
What is ballistics?
Study of a non orbital object moving without propulsion.
206
What is a "sounding" rocket?
A rocket designed to fly and collect data
207
What is the Hohmann transfer?
Process of having something in orbit boosted to a higher orbit starting from the perigee
208
What is negative thrust called?
Retrothrust
209
What is a geostationary orbit?
Orbit were the position is held over directly over a fixed place with a period of 24 hours.
210
What is a polar orbit?
Orbit that goes around the poles?
211
What is a sun synchronous orbit?
Orbit that keeps that satellite in constant sunlight
212
What are two types of launch vehicles?
Expendable (only used once) and Reusable
213
What is the most widely accepted lower bounds of space above earth?
62 miles
214
Define cislunar space.
Space between the moon and the earth
215
Is cislunar space void?
NO! It has magnetic stuff and protons and neutrons and radiation from sun
216
Define interplanetary space.
The space in-between the sun and its outermost influenced particle
217
How far into interstellar space would a person travel to find another sun/solar system?
4 1/3 light years
218
Describe the fusion process on the sun.
Hydrogen atoms are fused into helium by pressure and heat. The helium atoms are almost instantly broken down into their protons, releasing energy
219
Where do sunspots, filaments, prominences, and flares occur?
Regions of increased stored energy on the sun do to how the magnetic fields strength varies from place to place on the sun creating "ACTIVE SOLAR REGIONS"
220
What are the three components of the suns atmosphere?
1) Photosphere
2) Chromosphere
3) Corona
221
On the sun, what is the photosphere?
The portion of the sun which gives light. This is also were sunspots live
222
On the sun, what is the chromosphere?
Region above the photosphere and has spicules that jet straight up.
223
On the sun, what is the corona?
Above the chromosphere, it extends for millions of miles as the area were white light is shown and can only be seen during a solar eclipse
224
What is solar wind?
Steady emissions of ions and other particles produced by the sun that travels deep into interplanetary space from 300-1000 km/sec
225
Describe the SOHO project and what it stands for.
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory; a deep space satellite that was launched in 1995 and serves as the primary watchdog of the sun, always able to take pictures and see the sun because of its high altitude
226
What is the difference between the aurora borealis and the aurora australis?
North hemisphere vs southern
227
Describe Earth's ionosphere.
Zone of electrically conductive layers in the upper atmosphere and its gets its name because to the gas particles that are ionized.
228
What is the main cause of ionization in the ionosphere?
UV radiation of the sun and UHF cosmic rays form starts of outer space
229
Define earth's magnetopshere.
The region of the atmosphere where ionized gas plays a big part in the dynamics of the atmosphere. Where the geomagnetic field plays an important role.
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Keep studying John
Im trying
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The instruments on what satellite discovered van Allen belts?
Explorer 1
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What are cosmic rays?
Charged particles that continuously rain down on earth.
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Van Allen belt
Two areas of the magnetosphere that contain trapped particles from the solar wind
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What is a magnetic storm?
Sudden onset of radiation bursts in which the magnetic field undergoes marked changes in the course of an hour or less
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What is a POLAR magnetic storm?
When solar disturbances are observable only in the polar areas and produce sporadic radiant emissions from the upper atmosphere (aurora borealis/australis)
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Why are not all frequencies able to be used for uplink and downlink between satellites and ground stations?
Ionosphere absorbs low frequencies and water vapor absorbs high frequencies, between 300 megahertz and 300 gigahertz is usually good
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Define scintillation.
Electron density variations in the ionosphere causing rapid changes in radio signals
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How can you avoid the effects of scintillation?
Transmit at night, avoid transmitting where it is stronger like poles/equator, use high frequencies (But don't forget about water vapor absorbing it)
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What are three space environmental effects that hurt communication?
1) Ionosphere absorbs low frequencies and water vapor absorbs high frequencies
2) Scintillation
3) Solar flares (temp james communication)
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What are the two big problems the atmosphere causes on a spacecraft flying through it?
1) Drag
2) Oxidation wearing on the outside
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What are two problems facing spacecraft in a vacuum?
1) Outgassing
2) Cold welding (tiny spaces between moving parts loose their air in-between them in space and weld together)
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What is the difference between absolute and differential charging on a spacecraft
Full craft is charged vs part has one charge and the other doesnt
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What agency tracks space debris?
NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command)
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What was Americas first manned space flight program and what was its goal?
Project Mercury was designed to study the effects of space travel on humans.
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Who was the first American in space and the first to orbit the earth?
Alan Shepard was the first in space and John Glenn was the first American to orbit the earth
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The second American manned space flight project was what and were its objectives?
Project Gemini was tasked with preparing techniques needed for a lunar mission and also had the first EVA
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Who was the first American to make an EVA?
Ed White
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What was the third American manned space project?
Apollo
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When did Armstrong land on the moon and what Apollo mission was it?
July 20th, 1969 with Apollo 11
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What the manned space project after Apollo?
Project Skylab; put a lab in space and proved that people could live a long time in space
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What was the last manned space flight project before the space shuttle?
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; meet up in space between Russia and USA
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Who was the first person to walk in space?
Aleksei Leonov
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What is the space transportation system?
The space shuttle
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Who was the first American woman in space?
Dr. Sally Ride
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When did space shuttle challenger explode?
January 28th 1986
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What two space shuttles failed causing all of the crew to die?
1) Challenger in 1986, exploded shortly after take off
2) Columbia in 2003 because of a piece of foam hitting leading edge on take off and then on re entry it went bad and all 7 died over Texas including Dr. Sally Ride
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What was the first space shuttle orbiter and what were the other five?
1) Enterprise (never went to space, was for in atmosphere testing)
2) Columbia
3) Challenger
4) Discovery
5) Atlantis
6) Endeavour
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What was the Long-Duration Exposure Facility?
A large satellite that housed experiments to be tested over years. It was recovered 69 months later by the Columbia
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What was spacelab?
Orbiting lab designed by the European space agency to be flown in the space shuttles cargo bay
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Who was the first human in space and what was he flying in?
Yuri Gagarin; Vostok 1
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Who was the first woman in space?
Valentina Tereshkova; Vostok 6
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What was Voskhod?
Russian manned space project known for having the first EVA, Alexei Leonov
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What was the Soyuz project known for?
Designed for docking with other things in space
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What was Saylut?
Small space stations mostly used fort reconnaissance and small experiments; wasn't too successful
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What was Mir?
The Russian space station that followed the Saylut; was fairly successful with people of 12 other countries docking with it
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What was the X-Prize and who won it?
A prize of 10m dollars for the first non-government organizations to launch a reusable manned spacecraft into space and to come back in less than two weeks
Mojave Aerospace Ventures in the "SpaceShipOne" in June of 2004
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What was the Redstone missile?
A battlefield missile based on the V-2 by Dr. Werner von Braun
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What was Americas first ICBM project's Missle called?
Atlas
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What were the two rockets the Navy built in the earlier space days based on the V-2?
The viking and Aerobee
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What was the first satellite in space and what was the first American satellite?
Sputnik 1; Explorer 1
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What was the first living creature in space, what was its name, and what was it launched in?
Dog; Laika; Sputnik 2
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What was the name of the USAs first attempted satellite to put in space and why did it fail?
Vanguard 1; the viking/aerobee rocket exploded on national TV
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When was NASA signed into law and what was the act called?
July 29th, 1958 by Eisenhower because the branches of military had different ideas. Called the National Aeronautics and Space Act.
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What are sources of space law?
1) Treaties
2) Customs
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What was the significance of Sputnik to space law?
Established a new custom which is the right of satellites to fly over other countries without permission.
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What are the three principles of space law?
1) Freedom of use
2) Nobody "owns" any part of space
3) All nations should get the benefits of space because it belongs to humankind
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What were the two main provisions of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty?
1) Puts the three principles of space law on paper
2) Legitimizes a military presence in space
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What is the significance of the commercial space launch act?
Established an agency under the DOT called "Office of commercial space transportation" They allowed anyone to get to space with a proper license and it allowed commercial agencies to use military launch sites.
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What was the Land remote Sensing Commercialization Act (LANDSAT Act)?
designed to help commercialize the earth observation program. It allowed the sale on government data and prohibited selling of images to highest bidder and made it so that it would be the same price to all
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What is the International Telecommunications Union?
UN organization that regulates International communication and eventually geostationary orbits. BUTTT.... their policy on geostationary orbits were first come first serve (violates freedom to all principles) and because they stay above the same place in this type of orbit, countries were saying that they owned that position (Violates principles two)
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What was the Bogota declaration of 1976?
8 equatorial nations claimed they owned the spot of geostationary orbits above their nations and needed permission for others to use it. No body recognized it
281
What were three issues addressed in the international space station agreement?
1) Managing use of the station (consensus)
2) Ownership of intellectual property
3) Military involvement
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What are the four broad categories of satellites?
1) Communication
2) Navigation
3) Observation
4) Scientific
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What is the difference between an active and a passive communication satellite?
Passive simply reflects or relays on communication but active amplifies it
284
What was the first commercial communication satellite?
Telstar 1
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What is INTELSAT?
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization. Operates and links the worlds telecommunication networks
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What is TDRSS?
Tracking and Data Relay System; consists of lots of satellites and big ground station to reach spacecraft and broadcast TV
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What is the deep space network?
Three ground stations across the world allowing spacecraft to always be able to downlink and uplink
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What was NAVSTAR?
Program of creating satellites for GPS, first launched in 1978
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What are the three broad types of observation satellites?
1) Weather
2) Multi Spectrum Imaging
3) Reconnaissance
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What was the first weather satellite and name some more weather satellites?
Tiros 1;
Nimbus,NOAA ones, GOES
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What is the GOES satellite system?
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites ; provide cloud cover pictures and general images
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What is a multi spectrum imaging satellite and give an example of one?
A satellite that observes radiant energy (from crops or the ocean) LANDSAT system
293
What are the two broad types of scientific satellites?
1) Orbital Astronomy
2) Environmental analysis
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What were the explorers?
Satellites; 1) Discovered van Allen belts 6) Gave us first photo of earth from space.... TL;DR Helped learn about space environment before sending people up there
295
What is the orbiting solar observatory? (OSO)
Legit exactly what it sounds like, studied the sun and solar flares
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What is the Orbiting astronomical observatory? (OAO)
Studied the space environment and broadened understanding of the universe. Studying starts and comets
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What is the high energy astronomy observatory? (HEAO)
again, exactly what it sounds like. Satellites that look deep into space for high energy waves like gamma
298
What is the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer?
A satliete that looks deep info other solar systems farther than any other of its kind for X-ray signals
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What is the Chandra satellite?
It is an x-ray observatory launched in 1999
300
What is the solar mesosphere explorer? (SME)
Satellite that studied the reaction between sunlight and earth's atmosphere
301
What is the Earth radiation budget satellite? (ERBS)
Designed to study earth radiation and the interaction of the earth with radiation energy received from the sun.
302
What is the Earth Observing System?
Goal is to study the earth as a complete environmental system
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What is a probe?
Spacecraft that fly by, orbit or land on a celestial body other than earth
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What were the Ranger probes?
Sent on a direct impact with the moon to get pictures of the surface
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What were the surveyor probes?
Landed on moon to take surface pics and study chemistry of the surface
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What were the mariner probes?
Used to observe the inner planets such as Venus and mercury and mars
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What were the pioneer probes?
First up close pictures of Jupiter and then even Saturn
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What were the viking probes?
Sent to explore the environment of mars. had landers to explore the chemical make up of the surface, similar mission as the lunar probe Surveyor
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What are the Voyager probes?
Sent to explore the outer planets and deep space; took lots of pictures of Saturn, Uranus and beyond
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What was the Giotto?
European Space Agency launched it to explore haley's comet
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What was mars global surveyor?
Orbit mars and map and collect info about the surface
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What was mars pathfinder?
Rover landed on mars to study all the stuff it could
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What was the Galileo spacecraft?
Take measurements of Jupiter's atmosphere. When in orbit, it injected a orbit into the atmosphere itself
314
What was Cassini?
International collaboration send this probe into orbit around Saturn and even sent a lander on to Titan
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What was the Phoenix probe?
Mars lander that was signed to claw down into the soil looking for life in the water filled soil
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Define the characteristics of Mercury.
Closest planet to the sun. Slightly larger than our moon. Rocky, crust surface. Very hot planet with ice at the poles in deep craters. Thin atmosphere
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What are the four terrestrial or rocky planets in our solar system?
Venus, Earth, Mars, and Mercury
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What is the first satellite to orbit mercury and what satellite first took pictures of it.
Messenger, Mariner 10
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Define the characteristics of Venus.
Closest to earth in distance and size, known as our "sister planet". Really hot because of high greenhouse effects. Has really high atmospheric pressure (90x earth).
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What was the worlds first interplanetary mission?
Mariner 2 (1962)- Confirmed high temperatures on venus
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What were the Venera probes?
Russian probes that went to venus.
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What did the Mariner satellites on Venus accomplish?
VENUS. discovered its atmospheric qualities and the cloud speed.
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What were the pioneer satellites?
Flew to VENUS and identified major surface features.
324
What satellite mapped 99% of Venus?
Magellan (1989)
325
State some basic moon facts.
221k to 252k miles away. Same side of moon is always facing earth. Apollo missions sent 6 missions and 12 astronauts to the surface. 1/6th the graviational pull of Earth. No atmosphere so gets pretty damn hot in the day and pretty damn cold at night
326
What are the two most common types of moon rocks?
1) Basalt - dark grey rock with tiny holes, this is what makes up the dark planes of the moon visible from earth
2) Anorthosite - Most common rock on the moon. Also visible from earth as the lighter regions
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Define the characteristics of mars.
Small, red, thin atmosphere. Likely to have had one in the past because of the evidence of lakes and rivers.
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What did the mariner probes accomplish at mars?
Mariner 4 - took 21 photos of the planet up close (first up close pics of any planet)
Mariner 6/7 - took a shit ton more advanced and high quality pictures
Mariner 9 - Took pictures of the whole planet over a longer period of time
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What did the Viking probes at mars accomplish?
Survey the planet on a global scale and allow lander probes to identify the composition of the ground and more accurate temperature readings at the surface
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What was the first rover to land on Mars?
Pathfinder landed with the exploring rover called Sojourner.
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What were Spirit and Opportunity?
Real Mars Exploration Rovers, outlived their lifespan by 25x and took countless pictures and collected a lot of data on the surface and orbit. Opportunity is still trucking along.
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Define the characteristics of Jupiter.
Largest. 1231x size of earth. 66 moons. Only other planet with strong magnetic fields. Really fast spin
333
What did Pioneers learn about Jupiter?
Learned about the atmosphere. Learned about the storms and the fact that the planet itself rather than the sun is the main driving force in the strong storms. Discovered the strong magnetic fields
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What did the Voyager satellites accomplish at Jupiter?
Discovered a lot more satellites and more about its chemical make up
335
Define the characteristics of Saturn.
Rings..... Smaller than jupiter but has a fast revolution speed as well. Making really fast winds. Has lots of moons including Titan which has its own atmosphere. Icy cause its cold AF
336
What planet has a moon with its own atmosphere and what is that moon called?
Saturn; Titan
337
Describe the ring system around Saturn.
Rings designated A through G; Galileo found first 5 in 1610 and Pioneer found the last two. Made of icy chunks of rock. about a mile thick and extend 250k miles form the planet.
338
Who discovered the rings around Saturn?
Galileo in 1610
339
Define the characteristics of Uranus.
Gas giant, rocky core surrounded by water (ice and liquid) Really cold because it is far away. Rotates on its side and the magnetic poles are 60 degrees away from that.
340
What did Voyager 2 accomplish?
Discovered Uranus's weird alignment of magnetic poles 60 degrees away from the true poles and discovered 2 more rings and 10 more moons
341
Define the characteristics of Neptune.
Very similar to Uranus, most windy one in the solar system. Has narrow rings made of dust. Has 13 moons.
342
Describe the characteristics of Pluto.
Small, icy, dwarf planet,
343
What satellite was sent to Pluto in 2015?
New Horizons
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What is the Kuiper Belt?
Belt of icey dwarf planets and smaller objects outside of Neptune orbit
345
What is an asteroid?
Rocky/Metallic objects orbiting the sun to small to be considered planets
346
Where is the asteroid belt?
In between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
347
What is a comet?
Small irregularly shaped body whose tiny nucleus is composed of water, ice, rock, and frozen gas. Gets a big tail as it comes closer to the sun because of evaporation.
348
What is a meteoroid and when is it renamed to a meteor and when is it renamed meteorite?
Small clumps of matter in space and when it enters the atmosphere it is called a meteor and when it strikes the earth it is a meteorite.
349
How many miles are in a light year?
5.878 trillion miles
350
How many light years are in a parsec?
3.26
351
What is a Nova?
Stars that suddenly and periodically brighten
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What is a supernova?
When a star gives up a great deal of mass and energy in one explosion
353
What is a quasar?
A really big and bright "star". Usually as big as our solar system and emits 10,000x more energy of the entire Milky Way galaxy.
354
What is a pulsar?
A celestial object, thought to be a rapidly rotating neutron star, that emits regular pulses of radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation at rates of up to one thousand pulses per second
355
What is a nebulae?
A cloud of interstellar gas and dust
