Schrock Carddeck Flashcards
Who were the first people to use rockets as a weapon and when did that occur?
1232 the chinese used rockets called fire arrows
Who came up with rockets being powered by gun powder and when?
Konrad Kieser von Eichstädt in 1405
What did William Congreve of Britain contribute to the rocket?
Standardized gunpowder composition, added flight stabilizing guide sticks, and built the first viable launch pads.
What did William Hale contribute to the rocket?
He came up with idea of spin stabilization
What scientist made the first computations for rocket flights in space?
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
What did Dr. Oberth contribute to the rocket?
Studied and researched liquid rocket fuel
Who the father of modern rocketry and what is he known for?
Dr. Robbert Goddard build the first liquid propellant rocket
What is newtons law of universal gravitation?
F= (M1*M2)/(r^2)
What are newtons three laws of motion?
1) Body at rest stays at rest
2) F=ma
3) Every action has equal and opposite reaction
What are the four major systems of a rocket?
1) Airframe system
2) Propulsion system
3) Guidance system
4) Control system
What is the brain of the rocket?
Guidance system
What are the three types of propulsion systems?
Chemical, gas heating, and electric
Define specific impulse.
Number of pounds thrust delivered by consuming one pound of propellant in one second
Define density impulse.
Relationship of thrust to volume
What are the four characteristics of an air mass?
1) Surface over which it was formed
2) The season
3) Surface that it travels over
4) Length of time it has been away from its source
What is a squall line?
Line of thunderstorm
Which moves faster, cold or warm front?
Cold
What are the three general types of clouds?
Cumulus, stratus, cirrus
In characterizing clouds, what does ‘fracto’ mean?
Broken/ragged layer “fractostratus” is a broken stratus layer
Describe flying into a stratus cloud.
Low visibility but not much if any turbulence
Describe flying in cumulus clouds.
Bumpy AF but not really that dangerous unless there is a lot of vertical growth which is a big sign of a thunderstorm
What are the five types of fog?
Radiation, high-inversion, advection, evaporation, and upslope
What is El Nino and what is La Nina?
El Nino is the heating of the Pacific Ocean effecting the weather around the world and La Nina is the cooling of the ocean doing the same thing
Define windward and leeward?
Windward is the side of a mountain facing the wind and leeward is the back side
What are three ways to study the make up of an atmosphere?
1) Its elements
2)Its regions
3) Its pressure
What is the troposphere?
The layer humans live in from 0 to 55k feet
What is the tropopause?
Divinding layer between the the troposphere and the stratosphere
What is the stratosphere?
Above the troposphere up to around 30miles up. There is a temp inversion here
What is the stratopause?
In-between stratosphere and the mesosphere
What is the mesosphere?
Above the stratosphere and primarily a temp decrease with altitude, goes up to about 50m
What is the thermosphere?
This is the area above the mesosphere and goes to about 300m, big temp inversion
What is the mesopause?
Layer in-between the mesosphere and the thermosphere
What are the temperature arrangement shells of the atmosphere?
Trophosphere, tropopause, stratosphere, stratopause, mesosphere, mesopause, thermosphere
What are the physicochemical process shells of the atmosphere?
Ozonosphere and then Ionosphere
What is the neutrosphere?
This is everything below the ionosphere
What is the chemosphere?
Overlaps the ozonosphere and ionosphere
What are the molecular composition layers of the atmosphere?
Homosphere (all compounds are evenly mixed) Heterosphere (all compound separate because of density with the heaviest compounds at the bottom)
How is the exosphere defined?
Begins at the top of earths atmosphere where atoms are so far apart that you would have to travel 100 miles before running into another one
As you increase temperature can more or less water be held in the air before It becomes saturated?
More
Define sublimation
Gas to solid
What is the difference between humidity vs relative humidity?
Humidity is how much water is in the air and relative is the percent of how much water can be held in the air before reaching the dew point
What is the difference between condensation and precipitation?
Both gas to liquid, condensation included clouds, fog, dew and frost (does not fall from the sky)
Precipitation is everything that falls from the sky (rain. snow etc.)
What are the four types of heat transfer?
1) Conduction-one molecule heats up another adjacent molecule
2) Convection - heat transfer by vertical motion (thermals)
3) Advection - moving or blowing of air across another airmass
4) Radiation - heat is transferred by waves
What is insolation?
The rate at which the earth’s surface is heated by solar radiation
What is the coriolis effect?
Rotation of the earth causing things to drift to the east
What is the pressure gradient?
Shows how wind flows from high pressure to low
What is the longitudinal axis?
Roll, from tip to tail
What is the lateral axis?
Pitch, wing tip to tip
What is the vertical axis?
Yaw, bottom of plane to top
What is a truss fuselage?
Fuselage made with a bunch of trusses (struts) on the wall
What is the difference between monocoque vs semimonocoque fuselage?
The skin on a monocoque is under tension and is doing the work where as the skin on a semi is just a skin and the internal frame is doing the work
What is the difference between induced lift and dynamic lift?
Induced lift is from the camber (induced by Bernoulli’s principles)
Dynamic lift is from CHANGING the angle of attack
What is form drag?
The actual shape of the object moving through the air can cause separation from the airfoil or whatever it is (the burbling behind an object)
What is wave drag?
The increased drag that comes from going though the sound barrier do to the change in temperature and pressure and viscosity.
What was the X-15
Joint project to make a really fast high flying plane. Built with Iconcel X alloy to withstand high temperatures.
Who set the speed record in the X-15 and who set the altitude record?
1967; Robert White, Mach 6.72 and Joe Walker, 314,750 feet
Discuss the XB-70.
Designed to be a supersonic replacement to the B-52 and could fly Mach3 at 70k feet. This program was canceled after only making two because congress decided a supersonic bomber was not needed
Describe oblique wings and name a plane that used this technology?
Moving wings about the center to best fit the situation so that efficiency can be maximized at sub and super sonic speeds. AD-1 Scissors (1982)
What is a canard?
Small “wings” in front of the main wing
What are mission adaptive wings?
Wings that move from swept to perpendicular (B-1B Lancer “bone”)
Name some short haul jets and long haul jets.
Caravelle I, 727, 737, DC-9 ///// 747, DC-10, L-101
What supersonic planes did France/Britiain and Russia make?
Concorde; TU-144
What was the first multiengine general aviation plane?
Beechcraft Twin Bonanza in 1951
What was the first business turbojet?
Hawker Siddeley 125
What was the first jumbo jet?
747
What is the most successful jet?
727
Why did the USA shrink the military after WWII?
Because they were certain that nobody would attack the US with fear of the atomic bomb.
When was the Air Force established?
National Security Act passed on July 26th 1947 and was signed by Truman on September 18th, 1947 with General Spaatz as the first COS
What was the first primary mission of the USAF?
Deterrence
What was the first Jet plane and when did it fly?
Germany’s Heinkel HE-178; 1939
Who designed the first jet engine?
Frank Whittle in 1937
What was America’s first jet plane?
P-59; 1942
Describe Germany’s vengeance weapons?
V-1, buzz bomb that was like a rocket plane thing, not very accurate and very loud
V-2, beginning of space age, missile and was accurate and effective (1944)
What is the biggest demonstration of the air cargo power?
Berlin Airlift; Supplying east Germany with supplies fora whole year. (2,330,000 tons)
Why were American jets able to take down the much better performing and advanced Russian Mig-15?
Because USA had much better trained pilots.
What airpower lessons were learned in Korea?
1) US atomic arsenal alone is not enough to prevent involvement in a war.
2) Coordination across all branches/assets is key
3) Need to develop all types of planes
Why did the DC-4, which was not as good performance wise to the C-69 Constellation, become the most popular commercial plane after the war?
Because there were a lot of surplus DC-4s from the war and were cheaper because of it.
What was the first pure jet airliner?
DeHavilland Comet 1 (1952)
What were the big three in general aviation manufacturing?
Cessna, Piper, and Beech
What were some of the problems aircraft were experiencing as they approached the sound barrier?
1) High friction
2) Control Reversal
3) Severe vibrations
What does NACA stand for?
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics
When and who and in what broke the sound barrier first?
Chuck Yeager in 1946 in an X-1 dropped off of a B-29
How is the X-3 different from X-1 and X-2?
X-1/2 are rocket powered and X-3 was jet and designed to be able to take off on its own.
When are swept wings good and when are they bad?
Needed for supersonic flight but don’t generate enough lift at low speeds.
What is significant about the X-5?
It had variable swept wings.
What was the USAs first all jet bomber?
B-47 (1947) It had a short range so another plane needed to be developed
Why was the B-52 developed?
Because US needed a good long range bomber to replace the B-47 as the primary nuke dropper
What as the B-58?
A supersonic bomber. but was too expensive so it was retired
What was operation rolling thunder?
Bombing campaign in the beginning of the Vietnam war that involved strategic bombing. wasn’t effective because they kept rebuilding and fighting without mercy.
What were Vietnamese SAM and AAA?
Surface-to-air missiles and Anti-aircraft artillery
What was the A-6 bomber?
A small naval “fighter”-bomber launched from carriers
What as the tet offensive?
(1968) Large attack from north Vietnamese against south and USA, but because they were all out in the open, strategic bombing was a lot more effective but this was really the first time war was on TV, starting protests etc when people saw the horrors of war.
What was operation linebacker and how was it different form rolling thunder?
As US was leaving Vietnam, Nixon ordered B-52 strikes across Vietnam to help support the south Vietnamese army. as well as to cut off Chinese supplies from entering north Vietnam. It is different because Nixon let his advisors handle the locations and strategy without worry of the USSR/China reaction like Johnson did.
What was linebacker II?
After US troops had completely left Vietnam, conflict was still there so Nixon completely destroyed north Vietnam with B-52s hoping to drive them to the negotiating table. Only true strategic bombing of Vietnam
What was operation desert shield?
(1990) The build up of forces to motivate Iraq to remove forces from Kuwait. The whole freaking world teamed up to reck. (Became desert storm once combat started
What was the civil reserve air fleet (CRAF)?
Dozens of airliners contributing cargo and and passenger aircraft to the airlift effort in operation desert shield
What was desert storm?
Operation of removing Iraqi troops from Kuwait during the gulf war.
Describe the bombing plan of the gulf war (Air tasking orders)?
Instead of bombing one place and then another (allowing Iraq to rebuild each place) The forces divided up the country and bombed almost everything every single day.
What was operation noble eagle?
Response of 9/11 to provide surveillance and protect the USA
What was operation enduring freedom?
Whole world teaming up in Iraq to restore it with a new democratic government?
What was the B-36?
Large bomber with 6 pusher props
korean war
Conflict that began with North Korea’s invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People’s Republic of China allying with North Korea.
What is the 38th parallel?
Dividing line between North and South Korea
What was the first turboprop airliner?
Vickers viscount
What was the first vtol air craft?
Flying Bedstead
How did Germany rebuild its Air Force for WW2?
Disguising it as commercial flight and by training pilots in other countries.
How did Italy and Japan prepare for air power in WW2?
Italy, practiced in in spanish civil war and against Ethiopia and Mussolini built it up
Japan, got help from RAF and France, practice with small uprising as well
What was “blitzkrieg”?
Type of warfare where the Air Force is used in support of the ground troop to destroy everything in its path.
When was the first time troops were dropped into combat as paratroopers?
Germany in 1940
What was learned from the battle of Britain?
Having the right type of planes is key, use of radar and technology is needed, determination and persistence is also needed
Which country used women in combat sorties during WW2?
Russia
Why did Japan attack air power before going for ground target when attacking pearl harbor?
The new that if they achieved control of the air they could concentrate on the naval fleet with little to no interference.
In December of 1942, what did Civilian Pilot training program change its name to?
CAA WTS (war training service)
What was the Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron?
Civilian female pilots that ferried aircraft to combat zones
What were the main lessons learned in North Africa?
1) Gain Air superiority
2) Interdiction
3) Close ground support
Why were so many American bombers shot down at the begging of strategic bombing in WWII?
They wee not supported, but the P-51 came to save the day
What innovation with the P51 allowed them to fly longer with. the bombers?
They had extra gas tanks they could use and then drop when they needed to dog fight.
Top three aces in Europe.
Erich Hartmann (germany), Hans Wind (finland) I.N. Kozhedub (russia)
How did allied forces stop the Japanese advances across the pacific?
Two battles entirely fought by air power. Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway.
Two battles entirely fought by air power. Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Midway.
Because in order to strategic bomb Japan, they needed to take control of the islands to use as air bases.
When and where was the most destructive air raid in history?
March of 1945, Tokyo was attacked. 334 B-29s flew low and destroyed 15 square miles of city
When were the two atomic bombs dropped?
1) August 6th, 1945 Hiroshima
2) August 9th, 1945 Nagasaki
What were the top three priority targets of allied bombers going for Germany?
1) submarine factories, docks and ports
2) Aircraft factories and munition plants
3) Communication and transportation systems
Who was the first person to cross the Atlantic in a plane (not nonstop)?
Lt Cmdr Albert Read in NC-4 (May 30th 1919)
Who were the first people to cross the Atlantic nonstop?
John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown from St. Johns to Ireland in 16 hours and 12 minutes (June 15th 1919)
Who were the barnstormers?
Group of former American aviators from WW1 that flew around the country gathering attention to aviation by buzzing towns and giving flights and having daredevils wing walk. Many Americans had never seen a plane or only thought they were scary until the barnstormers showed up.
Who was the first license female transport pilot? (also was a barnstormer)
Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie
Who was a barnstormer and the first licensed black female pilot?
Bessie Coleman
When did Billy Mitchell drop bombs on the captured battleships to prove the future of airpower?
July of 1921
Who were the first persons to fly across the US nonstop?
May 1923; Oakley Kelly and John Macready in a Fokker T-2
When did the first planes circumnavigate the earth?
1924
When and who were involved in the first air refueling?
August 1923; Lowell Smith and JP Richter
What was significant about Army Lieutenant Russel Maughan’s flight across the US in 21 hours (dawn to dusk)?
Proves that planes can be moved any were in the US in less than one day.
When was the first demonstration of paratroopers and why is that significant?
1929 and because it shows how airpower can quickly move troops anywhere.
Name ways Billy Mitchel attempted to prove to the US Congress that air power was the future?
Sink German ship, circumnavigate the earth, air refueling, paratroopers
Who started and why did he start the Pulitzer Trophy Race? Who was the first winner and when was it?
Ralph Pulitzer, to attempt to build American air power because of how behind we were next to Europe, Corliss Moseley (1920)
When, to what, and why did the Pulitzer Trophy Race changes its name?
Changed to National Air Race because it got to be such a big completion with many races in 1924
What was the Thompson trophy?
pylon Race established in 1930 for fastest plane
What was the Bendix trophy race?
created to encourage experimental developments by airplane designers and to improve the skills of aviators in cross-country flying techniques, such as weather plotting, high altitude and instrument flight.
What was different about the Schneider Trophy Race
It was only for sea planes
What was the “ninety-nines”?
Women’s air derby led to the formation of this Association of women pilots. The first president was Amelia Earhart and is still around today dedicated to the improvement and development of women in aviation.
When did the post office begin using air mail service and when did it become a regular basis thing?
1) 1918
2) 1924
