School Age Child

Question 1

physical growth of a school age child

Answer 1

much slower, but steady. grow average 2 inches per year (gain 1-2 feet during this period). Weight = about 5 lbs per year. average 12 year old = 59 in and 88 lbs

Question 2

body development

Answer 2

tend to look slimmer w/ longer legs. bones = growing/broadening. growing pains. strength/physical capabilities are improving. muscles = more easily injured since not matured. skull and brain growth slow down. loosing teeth and replaced w/ permanent teeth. larger stomach capacity so can go longer w/o snacks. bladder capacity increases. lung capacity increases. immune system = developing. catches less colds/infxns as they get older. bones = ossify but still soft

Question 3

Physical maturity is not necessarily correlated with…

Answer 3

emotional and social maturity

Question 4

puberty signals what and when does it start?

Answer 4

development of the secondary sex characteristics. begins at age 12 for girls and 14 for boys.

Question 5

prebubescence

Answer 5

2 years preceding puberty. starts towards the end of the school age period and ends around 13

Question 6

sleep

Answer 6

sleep reduces from abt 11 hrs at age 5 to abt 9 hrs at age 12. no naps. fewer bedtime problems. still reduce and monitor screen time. bedtime routines = still important and quiet activities near bedtime helps. warning of bedtime = more compliance

Question 7

gross motor skills

Answer 7

greater speed, greater motor abilities. flexibility, balance, agility, force of movements increases. girls = better at balance/agility. boys = better at throwing, kicking, strength, muscle mass. BMI starts to climb bc of increase in physical activities. increase physical activity if concerned abt weight

Question 8

fine motor skills

Answer 8

third dimension in drawing and visualizing develops. overlapping objects, diagonal placement, converging lines. increased detail in drawing. girls tend to have an edge on fine motor development (handwriting and drawing). typical age to start musical instruments

Question 9

sensory-perceptual development

Answer 9

vision maturity = reached by 6-7 years. hearing is fully matured (concern for hearing loss from loud music). children can start to develop into auditory, kinesthetic (doing), or visual learners

Question 10

cognitive: information processing

Answer 10

connections btw prefrontal cortex and brain strengthen. can handle increasing difficult tasks. working memory increases, flexibly shift attention, improved planning/strategic thinking/self monitoring of behavior.

training to improve executive function
-scaffolding: repeating instructions, breaking down complex behavior
-mindfulness training
-work on planning
- memory strategies: rehearsing material, organizing material, creating relationships with the material

Question 11

cognitive: piaget

Answer 11

concrete operations stage: ages 7-11 years. able to use thought prcesses to experience events and actions. operations implies action—it is a mental operation that is carried out in thought but based on concrete things. can start to do things in their head. can now see from others pov. become sensitive to the fact that others do not always perceive events as they do

Question 12

cognitive milestones

Answer 12

develop understanding of relationships btw things and ideas. move from making judgements based on what they observe to making judgments based on what they reason (conceptual thinking). increased ability to master symbols and use memory to store past experineces to evaluate/interpret the present

Question 13

classification

Answer 13

separate into classes and subclasses

Question 14

seriation

Answer 14

ordering on a quantitative dimension

Question 15

spatial reasoning

Answer 15

cognitive maps or mental representations of space

Question 16

conservation

Answer 16

certain properties of the environment are not changed simply by altering their location or disposition in space

Question 17

can now understand that if nothing is added or taken away

Answer 17

it is the same object even if it has a different shape

Question 18

reversibility

Answer 18

something can be shaped/reshaped and still be the same

Question 19

reciprocity

Answer 19

ability to deal with 2 dimensions at the same time. a change in one dimension compensates for a change in another

Question 20

intelligence

Answer 20

abt. 6 years old = IQ becomes more stable and starts to correlate to academic achievement. not all intelligence can be testable.

Question 21

intelligence is related to many factors beyond individual child/genetics…

Answer 21

SES, opportunity, culture, family, experiences, stereotypes, knowledge, bias

Question 22

analytic intelligence

Answer 22

information processing skills. executive function, strategic thinking, knowledge acquisition, cognitive self-regulation

Question 23

creative intelligence

Answer 23

generating useful solutions to new problems. thinking in a more skillful way when faced with novelty

Question 24

practical intelligence

Answer 24

goal oriented activity at adapting to, shaping or selecting environments. skillfully adapt their thinking to fit with both desires and demands

Question 25

speech and language

Answer 25

very efficient language skills: grammar, pragmatics (expressions of meaning), and vocabulary increase. use more complex of grammar forms (tenses for verbs, correct plurals, correct personal pronouns. can describe things better to ppl. use and retrieve words quickly. understand metaphors. can evaluate and clarify messages. appreciate jokes

Question 26

communicating with the school age child

Answer 26

they have a strong desire to learn. start simple and then increase detail over time. be honest but don’t scare them

Question 27

bilingual development

Answer 27

Bilingual develops in 2 ways
• 1. Acquiring both languages at the same time in early childhood
• 2. Learning a 2nd language after acquiring the first
the later the child starts, the less likely they woud attend full fluency in 2 languages

Question 28

Reading

Answer 28

Requires:
• Ability to recognize letters and combinations
• Translate them into speech • Recognize visual appearance of common words
• Holding chunks of information in the working memory
• Interpreting meaning
• Combining meanings

Question 29

psychosocial: erikson - industry vs. inferiority

Answer 29

goal is to achieve a sense of personal and interpersonal competence. done through aquisition of technological and social skills. eager to build skills and partcipate in meaningful/socially useful work. interests are growing with their independence

Question 30

intrinsic motivation

Answer 30

ability to master skills and new responsibilities

Question 31

extrinsic motivation

Answer 31

grades, awards, privledges, recognition

Question 32

play

Answer 32

has rules and rituals. increased physical skill, intellectual ability, creativity (building, making things, creating, collections, quiet games). formation of groups and cliques (best friends). more team play

Question 33

bullying

Answer 33

Infliction of repetitive physical, verbal, or emotional abuse by one or more individuals intended to harm or bother another who is perceived as being “less” (physically or psychologically)
boys = more physical bullying
girls = more indirect/relational acts -> rumors/social exclusion

effects:
Victims and Bullies: Risk for long term psychologic disturbances
Bullies: Risk for conduct problems, school drop out,
criminal behavior
Victims: Risk of low self-esteem, anxiety, feelings of
insecurity, poor academic performance, psychosomatic complaints

Question 34

body image

Answer 34

very aware of their own bodies and what they look like. often try to conform physical appearance to peer groups or “norms”. children turn to peers about sexual curiosity if parents don’t answer.

Question 35

social development and friends

Answer 35

more secure and confident. identification w/ peers is an influence on gaining independence from parents. peers provide security and support toward this independence. Learn about varied and different points of view, there are different versions of games and songs, about different customs, about the limits of their own point of view, argue, negotiate, compromise, etc.

Question 36

gender

Answer 36

modern children may be socialized to play with toys and have roles ouside of the sterotypical gender roles. society socializes gender differently. boys and girls tend to be able to play games tgther w/o much difference

Question 37

self esteem

Answer 37

feeling of individual self worth. affected by awards, special jobs, academic placement, culture/cultural values, gender/gender stereotypes, peer approval. Success encourages efforts. Failure may lead to low confidence and avoidance of risks

Question 38

self care

Answer 38

should be able to assume self care in ares of hygiene, nutrition, exercise, recreation, sleep, safety. still need guidance and supervision. learning these “healthy behaviors” and enjoy doing it

Question 39

What age can you leave a child? A lot of this has to
do with the characteristics of the child.

Answer 39

7 and under: no
8- 10 years: 1-2 hrs during daylight
11-12 years: 3 hrs not to late into the night
13-15 years: tend to not leave overnight
depends on maturity

Question 40

Stress

Answer 40

peer pressures to fit in, pressure to excel in sport or school, overprogrammed (too many activities), school can be stressful, expectations may not be apropriate to developmental level, domestic violence and home conflicts

Question 41

Signs of stress

Answer 41

stomach aches, headaches, sleep problems, bed wetting, aggressive/stubborn behavior, changes in eating habits, regression of behavior, reluctance to participate in things

Question 42

how to help with stress symptoms

Answer 42

relaxing activities, physical activity, help children identify feelings and actions may reduce, help children work through problem solving

Question 43

dental health

Answer 43

start loosing primary teeth at about 6 years, children start to assume more responsibility but need to be monitored w/ tooth brushing/flossing, regular dental visits

Question 44

sensory screening

Answer 44

school nurses usually screen for vision and hearing throughout childhood

Question 45

Continue regular health visiits with HCP

Answer 45

immunizations prior to the start of kindergarten and HPV vaccine toward the end of school age period

Question 46

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 46

inattention, impulsivity, excessive motor activity resulting in academic and social problems. not all are hyperactive. difficulty staying on task. act impulsively and may lash out or become hostile if frustrated. difficulty concentrating = lower in IQ testing. runs in families and more likely to happen to kids who live in stressful environment/with parents with psychological disorders.

Question 47

prenatal exposures that have been linked to ADHD

Answer 47

tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs, environmental pollutions

Question 48

stimulant therapy for ADHD

Answer 48

increases prefrontal activity which reduces impulsivity

Question 49

nutrition

Answer 49

family mealtimes = often central to many families. quality of diet = family related. reduce high fat and high sugar intake. start to aquire a taste for an increasing variety of foods.

lunch trading, media influences, freedom to eat w/o parent supervision, candy machines, school lunch programs = influence diet

Question 50

childhood obesity

Answer 50

easy availability of high calorie, high fat foods, fast food, less physical actvity, poor eating habits. increasing problem in school age children. stress healthy habits early on and increase physical activity. family history of diabetes and high cholesterol can come in to play with obesity so monitor closely

Question 51

injury prevention/safety

Answer 51

helmets, booster seats (backseat = safest for children), sports/school/playground injuries increase, poisoning ingestion, fire safety, internet/stranger danger, farm (ATV injuries)

Question 52

Moral Development: Conventional Level

Answer 52

Stage 3: acts to avoid disappointment by others (Good Girl/Good Boy)
Stage 4: Conforms because it is the rule or the law (later in childhood)
- After age 6-7 years, children are able to judge an act by the
intentions that prompted it rather than just the
consequences
- Able to understand the concept of treating others as they
would like to be treated
- School age children still unable to view morality on an abstract basis

Question 53

Spirituality: Fowler

Answer 53

Stage 2: Mythic-Literal Faith
-Metaphors and symbolic language are often taken literally -Source of religious authority expands beyond parents
-Faith becomes stories and rituals that are practiced.
-Fascinated by heaven and hell (have fears about this if they misbehave)
-Still need religious concepts presented in concrete terms -Prayer and religious rituals are often a comfort to children and can help with coping
-As children get older, they understand not all prayers
are answered.

Question 54

Developmental Aspects of Divorce

Answer 54

-Preschool and young children may blame themselves
for the breakup and fear abandonment
-Older children have cognitive maturity to understand
they are not responsible but may act out or have
declining school performance
-Oldest child may display more mature behavior and
take on more roles

divorce causes family conflicts and most children improve adjustments by 2 years after divorce

Question 55

Discipline

Answer 55

points out acceptable behaviors and helps kids understand why something is bad to do. should include rewards and redirection, positive strategies. kids with more advanced cognitive skills can include more complex strategies like withholding privileges, imposing penalty contracts for behavior, natural consequences

Question 56

Kids that have a different religious belief from western society norms may experience what?

Answer 56

conflict and discomfort. might confuse them

Question 57

school

Answer 57

second socializing agent (family is first), adjustment to school and attitude towards it = influenced by parents. teachers influence and shape children and can affect the child’s interest