Prenatal Development and Childbirth

Question 1

Steps of Human Fertilization and Implantation

Answer 1

Ovum is released mid-cycle and the egg lasts about 12-24 hours. Sperm life lasts about 48-72 hours. Sperm propel themselves through the female reproductive tract, where only one penetrates the ovum. Union of the ovum and the sperm results in a zygote (23 chromosomes each from mom and dad)

Question 2

22 + x + 22 + x =

Answer 2

female (44 + XX)

Question 3

22 + x + 22 + y =

Answer 3

male (44 + XY)

Question 4

When does the germinal period occur and what happens?

Answer 4

Preembryonic period. Conception through the second week. Zygote travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus

Question 5

When does the embryonic period occur?

Answer 5

End of the 2nd week through the 8th week

Question 6

Fetal Period

Answer 6

End of the 8th week through birth

Question 7

What essentials are developed during the embryonic period and what are formed?

Answer 7

embryonic membranes, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, placenta. Basic structures of all major body organs are formed. Main external features are completed

Question 8

What period is most vulnerable to teratogenic substances?

Answer 8

embryonic period

Question 9

embryonic period notable - 3 weeks

Answer 9

neural tube forms (swells and becomes the brain), beginning brain, heart, and spinal cord

Question 10

embryonic period notable - 4 weeks

Answer 10

brain differentiates and limb buds

Question 11

embryonic period notable - 5 weeks

Answer 11

heart beats

Question 12

embryonic period notable - 6 weeks

Answer 12

fetal circulation established, liver and spleen produce blood cells, and brain waves

Question 13

embryonic period notable - 7 weeks

Answer 13

palate formation nearly complete and heartbeat can now be seen

Question 14

embryonic period notable - 8 weeks

Answer 14

all body organs are formed, sense of touch, and baby can move

Question 15

fetal stage notable - 12 weeks

Answer 15

urine is produced and excreted (amniotic fluid takes it in), and natal genitalia is recognizable

Question 16

fetal stage notable - 16 weeks

Answer 16

quickening (baby moving around a lot)

Question 17

fetal stage notable - 20 weeks

Answer 17

quickening, lanugo & vernix caseosa present (cheesy stuff on baby), and primitive respiratory movements

Question 18

fetal stage notable - 24 weeks

Answer 18

alveoli (sacs responsible for oxygen trasnfer), and surfactant (helps prevent alveoli from sticking together)

Question 19

fetal stage notable - 28 weeks

Answer 19

rapid brain development

Question 20

fetal stage notable - 30-31 weeks

Answer 20

rhythmic breathing movements, and temperament develops

Question 21

fetal stage notable - 36-40 weeks

Answer 21

more subcutaneous fat and increased CNS control

Question 22

reproductive technologies

Answer 22

artificial insemination, fertility drugs, invitro fertilization (IVF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and surrogacy

Question 23

teratogen

Answer 23

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

Question 24

prescription and non-prescription drugs that can be seen as teratogens

Answer 24

ibuprofen, caffeine, anti-seizure medications, acne medications

Question 25

illegal or prescription drugs that can be seen as teratogens

Answer 25

polysubstance abuse is common. neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) - common with heroine - babies can go into withdrawl

Question 26

alcohol as a teratogen

Answer 26

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Question 27

radiation as a teratogen

Answer 27

ionizing radiation from nuclear bombs, etc. low level radiation

Question 28

environmental pollution as a teratogen

Answer 28

industrial contaminants such as dioxin and PCBs, mercury in fish (cognitive issues), lead, persistent air pollution

Question 29

tobacco as a teratogen

Answer 29

LBW, negative effects on the brain

Question 30

what are the 4 categories that are considered high risk for pregnancy?

Answer 30

biophysical, psychosocial, sociodemographic, environmental

Question 31

biophysical maternal influences

Answer 31

health status of the mother, OB history, nutrition, age, infections, and maternal microbiome

Question 32

psychosocial maternal influences

Answer 32

maternal behaviors/adverse lifestyles, emotional distress/prenatal stress, mental health disorders, disturbed interpersonal relationships

Question 33

sociodemographic maternal influences

Answer 33

lack of prenatal care, insurance, support, low income, racial/ethnic disparities

Question 34

environmental maternal influences

Answer 34

hazards in the community, workplace, and home. Food deserts

Question 35

essential elements of prenantal care

Answer 35

medical care, nutritional support, health promoting behaviors, self-care (rest, exercise, managing stress, and emotional support), resources

Question 36

approaches to childbirth

Answer 36

natural childbirth, medical assisted childbirth, birth setting

Question 37

medical interventions related to childbirth

Answer 37

headfirst vs. breech, fetal monitoring, medication, c-section birth

Question 38

baby’s adaptation to extrauterine life

Answer 38

transition from the fetal to the neonate circulation, drying helps stimulate respirations, assign APGAR score

Question 39

Baby’s job after being born

Answer 39

thermoregulation, establish respirations, switch to neonate circulation

Question 40

APGAR scores

Answer 40

0-3 = severe distress
4-6 = moderate distress
7-10 = little to no distress

Question 41

stage 1 of childbirth

Answer 41

onset of regular contractions to fully dilated. 2 phases (early and active)

Question 42

stage 2 of childbirth

Answer 42

10 cm - birth of infant. Pushing Stage

Question 43

stage 3 of childbirth

Answer 43

birth of infant - delivery of the placenta