Adolescence Flashcards
Adolescence
to grow and mature. transition between childhood and adulthood
3 phases of adolescence
Early: 10-14 years
Mid: 14-16 years
Late: 17-20 years
study chart in slides
growth
-girls peak at about 12 years. growth ceases about 2-3 years after menarche
-boys peak at about 14 years. growth ceases about 18-20 years
-genetics play a large role in growth.
-50% of ideal adult body weight is gained during this time (50-75 lbs)
final 20-25% of height is achieved during when?
puberty. 10-11 inches
body changes
-sweat glands are more active (acne)
-increased stomach/intestine size (increased metabolic rate and appetite)
-2nd and 3rd molars, wisdom teeth
-weight and volume of lungs increase
-improved hand-eye coordination
-improved motor function
-shoulders broaden/hips broaden
puberty
sexual maturity or having the functional ability to reproduce
physical activity in adolescence
60 minutes or more of physical activity every day. vigorous exercise 3x/week. sedentary activities like studying, computers, video games, etc. contribute to obesity
sleep in adolescence
generally recommend 9 hours sleep per night. 1 in 4 may be sleep deprived (less than 6 hrs of sleep). puberty causes a phase delay in sleep—teens go to bed later but still need 9 hrs of sleep
sleep deprivation is related to…
higher rates of depression, fatigue, difficulty w/ concentration, academic performance issues, somantic complaints (headache, stomach aches)
causes of lack of sleep
early morning classes, work, social time, internet/tv, homeless/hungry
nutrition in adolescence
accelerated growth during puberty (this can double nutritional requirements for iron, calcium, zinc, protein). girls especially can be affected by inadequate iron (menarche)
influences on food habits
growing independence, need for peer acceptance, concern with physical acceptance, active, busy lifestyle
true or false: body image are heightened during adolescence
true. eating disorders can be a concern because of this
young adolescence: concrete phase of thinking
interpret words and concepts literally. Ex: someone who only sees women as nurses may assume that only women are nurses
middle adolescence: formal operational stage
quick and efficient information processing. begin complex/abstract thinking. thinking about possibilities, hypo-deductive thinking, propositional thought.
late adolescence: post-formal operational stage
skills become more refined. decision-making ability increases
biological sex or sex assigned at birth
Based on external genital anatomy and/or internal gonads, chromosomes, or hormone levels.
gender
Culturally held and transmitted beliefs, attitudes and feelings that are associated with biological sex. Largely focused on person’s behaviors in relation to the biological sex. Gender can be conforming (congruent with biological sex) or nonconforming (not congruent with biological sex)
gender typing
association of objects, activities, roles, traits with one sex that conforms to cultural stereotypes
gender identity
Internal sense of self of being male, female, a combination of both, somewhere in between, or neither
gender expression
External way a person expresses gender. Clothing, hair, mannerisms, activities, social roles
gender diverse
Gender behaviors, appearance, or identities that are incongruent with those culturally assigned to
them at birth sex.
sexual orientation
Romantic and sexual attractions individuals experience toward others
gender fluid
Remains open and not limited to the expected social beliefs about themselves. May use the term Queer. Does not identify or conform to the dominant cultural definitions of sex, gender, sexuality
transgender
Identity that does not match assigned sex. falls under gender diverse
cisgender
Identifies and expresses a gender consistent with culturally defined norms of sex assigned at birth
agender
Does not identify as having a particular gender
at what age did children realize they felt different about their gender? what age do they disclose it?
8-9 years old. don’t disclose until an average of 10 years later.
Two specific health risks in adolescence
-Depression. 25-30% of high school teens have reported feeling sad or hopeless.
-Suicide. 2nd leading cause of death ages 15-24 years old. Feelings of stress, self doubt, pressure to succeed, financial uncertainty, disappointment often coincide with teen suicide
Moral Development
Develop a personal value system gradually during this time. Tends to be achieved btw 18-20 years.
Conventional Level 4: Focus on obeying the law. Authority and following rules. Conform and please others. Right and wrong = still concrete
Post Conventional Level 5: Focus on justice. Justice and the rules may not always be the same. Quality of life and justice might be more than a rule
Spirituality
Younger adolescence: More likely to view religion as important
Middle Adolescence: importance of organized religion tends to decline
Late Adolescence: reexamination and reevaluation of believes and values
Spirituality: Fowler Stage
Stage 3 Synthetic-Conventional faith
-ages 12 to adulthood
-characterized by conformity to authority and the religious development of personal identity
-develops ability to see meaning in stories, rituals, and symbols of faith
-claim their faith as their own—although it is often the faith of their family
Psychosocial Changes: Erikson
Identity vs. role confusion.
-task is to develop a stable, coherent picture of oneself
-integrates one’s past and present experiences with a sense of where one is headed in the future
Cognitive and social situations encountered during adolescence
helps them put together these past and present experiences
- reflect on their place in society, listen to others, see how others view them, sense of self worth, options for the future
Cultural aspects of adolescence
-Cultures that emphasize obedience to authority may have a harder time adapting to a teens push for independent
decision making
-Sense of ethnic identity and membership in ethnic group is central to quest for identity in adolescents
-Despite prevailing image of sexually free adolescents, sexual attitudes in North America are relatively restrictive (parents don’t provide info)
Self recognition of gender identity…
Develops over time, much like a child’s physical body does
Sexuality
-Includes sex, gender identification and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy, and reproduction
-Expressed in thoughts, fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes and values, behavior practices, roles, and relationships.
How is sexuality influenced?
Influenced by interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, legal, historical, religious, and spiritual factors
Intimacy and dating
-With the development of a sexual identity, an orientation to
others is identified and intimate relationships form
-Intimacy includes emotional attachment between two people
characterized by concern for each other’s well-being
-Cognitive abilities and expanding social world allow for truly
intimate relationships to develop
Those who are abused are more likely to engage in…
Substance abuse, have depression, suicide risk, early sexual activity. Abuse can be physical, sexual, or emotional
Family relationships
-Adolescence is a time of reorganized family relationships
-Sibling attachment remains strong
-Adolescents who feel closer to their parents=more positive psychosocial development and behavior competence
-Authoritative parenting
-Greater psychosocial maturity and school performance
-Less substance abuse
-Adolescents with less supervision may have more negative outcomes
Half of all new STI’s are among what age group?
15-24
Among all high school seniors…
-30% had sexual intercourse during the previous 3 months
-More than 46% of did not use a condom the last time they had sex
-19% used alcohol or drugs before last sexual intercourse
-7 % said they had been physically forced to have sexual intercourse when they did not want to
-10 % had four or more sexual partners
-21% of all new HIV diagnoses were among those aged 13-24 years
When do females become fertile?
After they have their first period, which can occur btw 10-15 years of age. When ovum is released mid cycle, they are the most fertile
