early childhood

Question 1

physical growth in early childhood

Answer 1

growth slows. average weight gain is 4-6 lbs per year. height grows about 3 in per year (mainly in legs)

Question 2

change in brain development

Answer 2

myelination is almost complete by age 2 -> big increase in motor skills by 2. area for speech, motor control, and coordination improves. have rapid growth of prefrontal and cortical areas

Question 3

other development in organs

Answer 3

respiratory tract and lungs: volume increases
genitourinary, gastrointestinal: gain control and bladder capacity increases
immune systems: more efficient & effective
musculoskeletal strength and bone growth continue

Question 4

sensory-perceptual development

Answer 4

hearing and vision continue to refine and mature. toddlers sensory investigate many things (touch, turn it, smell it, taste it) vision acuity is 20/40 (about 3 years of age). 20/20 at about 6-7 years old.

Question 5

sleep patterns in early childhood

Answer 5

sleep about 11-12 hours and generally take 1 nap per day. stops naps btw 2-3 years of age. bedtime rituals are very important. nighttime wakening an prone to resistance to go to bed

Question 6

toddler gross motor skills

Answer 6

by 18 months they should run (clumsily), up stairs with hand held, jumps in place both feet.
by 24 months they should be able to kick ball forward
by 30 months they should be able to stand on one foot for a second or two and can tip toe walk
by 36 months they should walk up down steps with alternating feet b

Question 7

preschool gross motor skills

Answer 7

3 years: running/walking well, climbing, broad jumps, rides a tricycle, balance on one foot
4 years: skips, hops on 1 foot, catches a ball
5 years: skips alternating feet, jump rope, begins to skate and swim, somersault

Question 8

toddler fine motor skills

Answer 8

12 months: grasp very small object with pincer fingers
15 months: place round object in a round hole. scribble spontaneously
18 months: throw a ball/object overhead. build a tower of 3-4 blocks
24 months: build tower of 6-7 blocks, turn doorknob

Question 9

preschool fine motor skills

Answer 9

3 years: copies a circle, imitates a cross, holds pen/pencil with fingers not fist, draw multiple shapes and combine them for a more complicated pictures, buttons and unbuttons
4-5 years: trace a cross, copy a square, uses scissors, increases the number of parts to the stick figure, uses spoon, fork, knife, prints some letters and numbers, dress pretty well getting the front in right place, zip and unzip clothes

Question 10

negativism

Answer 10

result of a toddler’s quest of autonomy. respond with “no” or “me do” to express their will. don’t give opportunities for them to say no and don’t give in to them

Question 11

ritualism

Answer 11

need to maintain sameness and reliability – provides a sense of comfort. routines help them feel comfortable to try new things

Question 12

regression

Answer 12

retreat from present pattern of functioning to past levels of behavior. best to ignore it and praise appropriate behavior. it’s their attempt to cope

Question 13

temper tantrums

Answer 13

yelling, screaming, kicking, hitting, holding their breath. often from anger to distress: frustration (can’t say what they are thinking), lack of following routine, delayed language skills may cause more tantrums. be consistent with disciplining

Question 14

toilet training

Answer 14

motor readiness: voluntary control of anal and urinary sphincter occurs btw 18-24 months. child walks well
cognitive readiness: recognize the urge to let go and hold on. should be able to communicate these sensations
psychological readiness: motivated
start at abt 30 months: nighttime takes longer and bowel is generally achieved before bladder

Question 15

egocentrism

Answer 15

see what they see and think what they think

Question 16

preschooler: body image

Answer 16

start to recognize undesirable/desirable appearances. recognize differences in their skin color and racial identity. by age 5, they can identify themselves as bigger or smaller than their peers (can have neg associations with weight). little knowledge of what’s going on inside of them

Question 17

preschooler: sexuality

Answer 17

sexual identity and beliefs develop. most children are aware of their sex and expected set of related behaviors by age 2-3. sexual exploration is more pronounced. childrearing practices and imitation are powerful influencers

Question 18

preschooler: gender identity

Answer 18

they acquire gender constancy – they realize sex remains despite their clothing, hair, and play activities. environment and cognitions work together to shape gender-role activities. family, culture, and environment can shape gender stereotyping. school age children recognize their gender identity

Question 19

proactive aggression

Answer 19

used to fulfill a need or desire

Question 20

reactive aggression

Answer 20

used as an angry defensive response. can be physical, verbal, relational (social, exclusion, gossip, friendship manipulation)

Question 21

aggressive influences

Answer 21

family situations and media (tv)

Question 22

fears

Answer 22

they fear dark, animals, ghosts, pain, annihilation (from poorly defined body boundaries), left alone. many fears subside by 5-6

Question 23

animism/imaginary friends

Answer 23

belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities. imaginary friends can appear at about age 3 and last until school age.

Question 24

preventive care

Answer 24

by 3 you should be seeing a dentist. parents should be the ones brushing your teeth. no bottle in bed, reduce sugar, and may need fluoride supplementation. parenting (appropriate disciplines), immunizations, nutrition, exercise, limit screen time.

Question 25

developmental screening

Answer 25

continue at 18, 24, and 30 months. autism screening at 18 to 24 months (MCHAT). speech and language screening, and check to see if motor, psychosocial, and cognitive milestones are in tact

Question 26

health screenings

Answer 26

monitor for anemia if iron intake low, milk intake high, screen for lead exposure, screen for obesity starting at age 2 (Bmi), question for risk factors for tb and high cholesterol, vision and hearing

Question 27

nutrition in early childhood

Answer 27

toddlers are picky eaters so they often exhibit physiologic anorexia. growth rate slows down. should be eating the same food as the family and they should start using more utensils. limit sugar, fat, salt. at 12 months: whole or 2% milk and at 24 months: 2% milk. monitor for iron, calcium, and vitamin D

Question 28

what does play help with?

Answer 28

physical, social, cognitive development.

Question 29

what type of play do toddlers do?

Answer 29

parallel play. they play alongside but not with one another.

Question 30

preschool play

Answer 30

associative play: separate play but exchange toys – bridge btw toddler & preschooler
cooperative play: more interactive with common goal (take turns) Ex: playing house

Question 31

toddler toys

Answer 31

movement toys (straddle cycles, slides, rocking horses), trucks, dolls, dishes, cars, building blocks, musical toys, some tv shows help w/ visual images w/ words, tactile play (sandbox, clay, water toys), chunky crayons

Question 32

preschool toys

Answer 32

dress up toys, dolls, trucks, cars, planes, animals, housekeeping toys, village sets, puppets, TV shows/DVDs (should be apart but should be limited)