Infant Development

Question 1

infant growth

Answer 1

doubles by 5 months (abt 15 lbs) and triples by a year (22 lbs). Grows about 1 inch per month. Baby fat peaks at 9 months. Muscle tissue increases as baby starts gross motor movement

Question 2

what age should a baby be able to sleep through the night (9-11 hrs)

Answer 2

3-4 months

Question 3

infant sleep patterns

Answer 3

daily sleep is 15 hrs which generally includes 2 naps (short morning and long afternoon nap). Duration of naps decreases as baby approaches 1 (morning nap disappears). Breastfed babies wake quicker bc they digest faster

Question 4

how should physiological sleep problems be handled?

Answer 4

medically

Question 5

what does infants with sleep disturbances correlate to?

Answer 5

higher maternal depression and disrupts family unit

Question 6

moro reflex (startle reflex)

Answer 6

infantile reflex that develops btw 28-32 weeks of gestation and disappears btw 3-6 months. Response to a sudden loss of support: spreading out of arms, pulling the arms in, crying

Question 7

tonic neck

Answer 7

“fencing reflex” bc infants arm and head resemble a fencer. helps with hand eye coordination and it resolves around 4 months

Question 8

rooting

Answer 8

present at birth and disappears around 4 months of age. assists the act of breastfeeding. infant will turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek or mouth and it will search for the object

Question 9

parachute reflex

Answer 9

starts btw 6 & 7 months and becomes fully matured at a 1. when child is held upright and the baby’s body is rotated quickly to face forward (as in falling). baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall

Question 10

palmer grasp

Answer 10

appears at birth and disappears at about 4 months. when an object is placed in the infant’s hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp

Question 11

babinski (plantar)

Answer 11

a reflex action of the toes, normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age. Babinski positive = foot flare out and babinski negative = foot curls. scraping on the sole of the foot

Question 12

stepping reflex

Answer 12

present at birth and disappears at about 4 months. when the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to walk by placing one foot in front of the other

Question 13

influences on growth

Answer 13

genetics, nutrition, overall health and well being, parent resources, and love, bonding, nurturing

Question 14

Gross Motor Skills Milestones

Answer 14

holds head upright: 6 weeks
rolls from side to back: 2 months
rolls both ways: 6 months
sits alone: 7 months
crawls: 9 months
pulls to stand: 9 months
stands alone: 12 months
walks/cruises: 12 months

Question 15

fine motor skills milestones

Answer 15

hands fisted primarily: < 2 months
hold toy and shake it: 4 months
pass things from hand to hand: 6 months
peak-a-boo: 9 months
pincer: 9 months
pokes with index finger: 12 months

Question 16

cognitive milestones of the infant

Answer 16

object permanence: after 8 months
imitation: starts after 6 months
affect: outward manifestation of emotion or feeling
mental representation of symbols: able to identify objects have names
problem solving by analogy: 8 months
symbolic understanding: 12 months (know they drink out of a cup)

Question 17

cognitive development stages

Answer 17

stage 1: reflexive schemes: 0-1 month - newborn reflex
stage 2: primary circular reactions: 1-4 months - simple motor habits centered around needs
stage 3: secondary circular reactions 4-8 months - imitation of familiar behaviors
stage 4: coordination of 2ndary circular reactions 8-12 months - object permanence develops
stage 5: [toddler: tertiary circular reactions: 12-18 months]
stage 6: [mental representation: 18-24 months] - mental pics of images

Question 18

speech and language milestones

Answer 18

2 months: cooing
4 months: babbles, imitates face expressions
6 months: strings sounds together, babbling combines syllables
9-10 months: understand meaning of “no” and simple commands accompanied by gestures
12 months: say 3-5 words and can follow simple direction

Question 19

nutrition for first 6 months

Answer 19

up to 6 months should only be formula or breast milk. no honey in the first year. 1-2 oz every 2-3 hrs for newborn and 8 oz 4x a day by abt 6-8 months. iron supplementation or iron fortified formula

Question 20

nutrition for 6-12 months

Answer 20

not ready for solids until 6 months/sitting well. start with cereal mixed w/ formula or breast milk. one new food at a time. can start a cup after 6 months but avoid a lot of sugar. start picking up and eating soft foods but watch for choking hazards. wean off bottle by 1 year

Question 21

teething

Answer 21

eruption of the primary teeth. lower incisors erupt first, about 6-8 months. Age of child in months - 6 = number of teeth. discomfort does occur and can lead to drooling, biting, chewing on fingers.

Question 22

sucking

Answer 22

chief pleasure. method of pain relief and helps soothe and calm the infant. some babies use pacifiers and using it = decreased SIDS but increased ear infections.

Question 23

thumb sucking after 4 years

Answer 23

malocclusion

Question 24

5 leading causes of infant death in the US

Answer 24

birth defects, preterm birth/lbw, maternal pregancy, Sids, injury (choking,balling)

Question 25

psychosocial development

Answer 25

trust vs. mistrust. not every need has to be attended to right away. goal is to develop a trust of self, others, and the real world. if needs are not met = mistrust

Question 26

stranger fear

Answer 26

starts at about 6-8 months

Question 27

separation anxiety

Answer 27

starts at about 4-6 months when infants protest when left alone or mom leaves the room.

Question 28

emotional self regulation

Answer 28

could be sucking their thumb. how they soothe themselves

Question 29

what does attachment require?

Answer 29

ability to discriminate mother/father from others
achievement of object permanence
availability of consistent caregiver and quality caregiving

Question 30

reactive attachment disorder

Answer 30

stems from maladaptive or absent attachment btw the infant and parent. severe cognitive and physical impairment of emotional deprivation occurs in the first three years of life. children become emotionally withdrawn or discriminate toward anyone

Question 31

discipline

Answer 31

need to set limits as the child’s mobility increases. negative voice and stern eye contact are appropriate. reduce opportunities for potential issues. parents need to have reasonable expectations. consistency!

Question 32

preventive care

Answer 32

immunizations and well checks.

Question 33

developmental screening

Answer 33

AAP recommends developmental screening by at least 9 months. AAP has regular visit templates for HCPs. 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 month tools

Question 34

playing at 0-3 months

Answer 34

entertained, may smile squeal at pleasure

Question 35

playing at 3-6 months

Answer 35

more interested in stimuli. play with a rattle or person. laugh at 4 months to show preferences for toys and play

Question 36

playing at 6-12 months

Answer 36

peek-a-boo, pat-a-cake, imitation, play is more selective to people they like or people they like to play with.

Question 37

sensory perceptual hearing

Answer 37

by 3-4 months, baby can locate sounds by turning head. prefer voices in their native tongue. by 9 months infants become sensitive to individual words

Question 38

sensory perceptual vision

Answer 38

by 2 months they can focus on objects. visual acuity is 20/80 at 6 months. using both eyes by 4 months. can match faces with voices by 6 months. recognize different faces by 3 months and after 5-6 months, they can recognize emotional expressions.