Infant Development Flashcards
infant growth
doubles by 5 months (abt 15 lbs) and triples by a year (22 lbs). Grows about 1 inch per month. Baby fat peaks at 9 months. Muscle tissue increases as baby starts gross motor movement
what age should a baby be able to sleep through the night (9-11 hrs)
3-4 months
infant sleep patterns
daily sleep is 15 hrs which generally includes 2 naps (short morning and long afternoon nap). Duration of naps decreases as baby approaches 1 (morning nap disappears). Breastfed babies wake quicker bc they digest faster
how should physiological sleep problems be handled?
medically
what does infants with sleep disturbances correlate to?
higher maternal depression and disrupts family unit
moro reflex (startle reflex)
infantile reflex that develops btw 28-32 weeks of gestation and disappears btw 3-6 months. Response to a sudden loss of support: spreading out of arms, pulling the arms in, crying
tonic neck
“fencing reflex” bc infants arm and head resemble a fencer. helps with hand eye coordination and it resolves around 4 months
rooting
present at birth and disappears around 4 months of age. assists the act of breastfeeding. infant will turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek or mouth and it will search for the object
parachute reflex
starts btw 6 & 7 months and becomes fully matured at a 1. when child is held upright and the baby’s body is rotated quickly to face forward (as in falling). baby will extend their arms forward as if to break a fall
palmer grasp
appears at birth and disappears at about 4 months. when an object is placed in the infant’s hand and strokes their palm, the fingers will close and they will grasp it with a palmar grasp
babinski (plantar)
a reflex action of the toes, normal during infancy but abnormal after 12 to 18 months of age. Babinski positive = foot flare out and babinski negative = foot curls. scraping on the sole of the foot
stepping reflex
present at birth and disappears at about 4 months. when the soles of their feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to walk by placing one foot in front of the other
influences on growth
genetics, nutrition, overall health and well being, parent resources, and love, bonding, nurturing
Gross Motor Skills Milestones
holds head upright: 6 weeks
rolls from side to back: 2 months
rolls both ways: 6 months
sits alone: 7 months
crawls: 9 months
pulls to stand: 9 months
stands alone: 12 months
walks/cruises: 12 months
fine motor skills milestones
hands fisted primarily: < 2 months
hold toy and shake it: 4 months
pass things from hand to hand: 6 months
peak-a-boo: 9 months
pincer: 9 months
pokes with index finger: 12 months
cognitive milestones of the infant
object permanence: after 8 months
imitation: starts after 6 months
affect: outward manifestation of emotion or feeling
mental representation of symbols: able to identify objects have names
problem solving by analogy: 8 months
symbolic understanding: 12 months (know they drink out of a cup)
cognitive development stages
stage 1: reflexive schemes: 0-1 month - newborn reflex
stage 2: primary circular reactions: 1-4 months - simple motor habits centered around needs
stage 3: secondary circular reactions 4-8 months - imitation of familiar behaviors
stage 4: coordination of 2ndary circular reactions 8-12 months - object permanence develops
stage 5: [toddler: tertiary circular reactions: 12-18 months]
stage 6: [mental representation: 18-24 months] - mental pics of images
speech and language milestones
2 months: cooing
4 months: babbles, imitates face expressions
6 months: strings sounds together, babbling combines syllables
9-10 months: understand meaning of “no” and simple commands accompanied by gestures
12 months: say 3-5 words and can follow simple direction
nutrition for first 6 months
up to 6 months should only be formula or breast milk. no honey in the first year. 1-2 oz every 2-3 hrs for newborn and 8 oz 4x a day by abt 6-8 months. iron supplementation or iron fortified formula
nutrition for 6-12 months
not ready for solids until 6 months/sitting well. start with cereal mixed w/ formula or breast milk. one new food at a time. can start a cup after 6 months but avoid a lot of sugar. start picking up and eating soft foods but watch for choking hazards. wean off bottle by 1 year
teething
eruption of the primary teeth. lower incisors erupt first, about 6-8 months. Age of child in months - 6 = number of teeth. discomfort does occur and can lead to drooling, biting, chewing on fingers.
sucking
chief pleasure. method of pain relief and helps soothe and calm the infant. some babies use pacifiers and using it = decreased SIDS but increased ear infections.
thumb sucking after 4 years
malocclusion
5 leading causes of infant death in the US
birth defects, preterm birth/lbw, maternal pregancy, Sids, injury (choking,balling)
