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21PSY-2AL-B1 TW > Schizophrenia: Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia - Genetics/Neural Correlates/Dopamine Hypothesis (KR) > Flashcards

Schizophrenia: Biological Explanations of Schizophrenia - Genetics/Neural Correlates/Dopamine Hypothesis (KR) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the biological explanation assume about SZ?

A

it is caused by physical factors of the body

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2
Q

How does the genetic explanation explain sz?

A

SZ is hereditary and is passed through genes

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3
Q

What are our genes?

A

genetic material that make up who we are

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4
Q

What is meant by genetic predisposition?

A

based on our genetic material, the likelihood of developing a disorder

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5
Q

What is the term used to describe the likelihood of developing a disorder from our genes?

A

genetic predisposition

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6
Q

If we have a genetic disposition to Sz what does that mean?

A

we are more likely to develop Sz

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7
Q

Sz is described as polygenic what does this mean?

A

Polygenic: multiple genes involved in the development of a disorder

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8
Q

Sz is polygenic meaning that there are multiple genes involved in the development of Sz, What do we call these genes

A

Maladaptive Candidate genes

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9
Q

give an example of a maladaptive candidate gene involved in Sz

A

PCM1

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10
Q

if Sz is polygenic, what does that mean for an individuals vulnerability?

A

it increases and individuals vulnerability

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11
Q

Why does polygenic mean that an individuals vulnerability is increased?

A

The more maladaptive genes an individual

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12
Q

What have studies shown about the genetic variations for Sz?

A

there are 108 separate genetic variations

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13
Q

What is meant by a concordance rate?

A

it is the probability rate

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14
Q

What was the concordance rate found by Gottesman in MZ and DZ twins?

A

Mz: 48%
Dz: 17%

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15
Q

What does the differences between the Mz and DZ concordance rate show us about the genetic link in SZ?

A

Closer the genetic link, the higher the probability

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16
Q

What is meant by an MZ twin?

A

monozygotic: they share 100% of their genetic information

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17
Q

What is meant by an DZ twin?

A

Dizygotic: they share 50% of their genetic information

18
Q

What is meant by neural correlates?

A

Abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain

19
Q

What are abnormalities in structure and brain function also refered to as?

A

neural correlates

20
Q

How are neural correlates identified?

A

through brain scans

21
Q

How what abnormality in the structure of the brain associated with SZ?

A

Enlarged ventricles

22
Q

What is an enlarged ventricle?

A

fluid filled spaces in your brain

23
Q

In a meta analysis by Raz and Raz, What did they find in individuals with SZ in their brain

A

those with SZ had enlarged ventricles compared to the control group

24
Q

How are enlarged ventricles associated with SZ?

A

they are associated with damage to central brain areas and the pre frontal cortex

25
Q

If enlarged ventricles are damaging the central areas of the brain and the pre frontal cortex, what symptoms does this lead to in SZ?

A

Negative symptoms such as avolition

26
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

The idea that neurotransmitters work differently in those with SZ

27
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical messenger in the brain

28
Q

How is dopamine involved in SZ?

A

either too much/too little dopamine activity in the brain

29
Q

What are the receptors in the brain called that process dopamine?

A

D2 receptors

30
Q

D2 receptors process what neurotransmitter?

A

dopamine

31
Q

What is meant by HYPERdopaminergia?

A

increase in dopamine activity

32
Q

What is meant by HYPOdopaminergia?

A

decrease in dopamine activity

33
Q

What is the term for increased dopamine activity

A

Hyperdopaminergia

34
Q

What is the term for decreased dopamine activity

A

Hypodopaminergia

35
Q

What happens when there is increased dopamine activity in the subcortex of the brain?

A

High dopamine activity in central areas such as Broca’s is associated with auditory hallucinations

36
Q

Explain auditory halluncinations using the dopamine hypothesis

A

High dopamine activity in central areas of the brain such as Broca’s areas

37
Q

What happens when there is decreased dopamine activity in the cortex?

A

low dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with avolition

38
Q

Explain avolition using the dopamine hypothesis

A

low dopamine activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with avolition

39
Q

What is the term for high dopamine activity in the subcortex?

A

Subcortical hyperdopaminergia

40
Q

What is the term for low dopamine activity in the cortex

A

Cortical hypodopaminergia

21PSY-2AL-B1 TW (75 decks)

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