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Psychology - PSYA4 > Schizophrenia - Biological Explanations > Flashcards

Schizophrenia - Biological Explanations Flashcards

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1
Q

Diathesis stress model researcher?

A

Gottesman and Reilley

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2
Q

Gottesman and Reilley?

A

Many people have a biological predisposition for SZ which is triggered by psychological stressors

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3
Q

Biological explanations for SZ?

A

Genetic factors and the dopamine hypothesis

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4
Q

Genetic factors are looked at in…

A

family studies, twin studies and adoption studies

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5
Q

Family study on SZ?

A

Gottesman

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6
Q

Gottesman?

A

46% chance if both parents had SZ, 13% if one parent, 9% if a sibling had it and 1% chance for general population (40 european studies)

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7
Q

Kety et al? (f)

A

20+ year study diagnosed SZ in 16.2% of the high risk group (mothers with SZ) and 1.9% of the low risk group, even when matched

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8
Q

Twin study on SZ?

A

Gottesman and Shields

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9
Q

Gottesman and Shields?

A

42% concordance rate for hospitalisation and diagnosis for MZ twins, 9% for DZ twins (57 twin pairs)

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10
Q

Adoption study on SZ?

A

Kety et al

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11
Q

Kety et al? (a)

A

High rates of diagnosis for chronic SZ in adoptees whose parents had the same diagnosis, despite being adopted by ‘healthy’ parents

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12
Q

Weaknesses of genetic factors in SZ?

A

Methodological problems
Reductionist
Ignores nurture

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13
Q

Strengths of genetic factors in SZ?

A

Support

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14
Q

Supporting evidence for genetic factors in SZ?

A

Kety et al

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15
Q

Methodological problems in genetic factors in SZ?

A

Most studies have broadened definition of SZ to include non-psychotic ‘SZ spectrum disorders’

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16
Q

Research on SZ spectrum disorders?

A

Kety et al found no full cases of SZ among 1st degree relatives of children with SZ spectrum disorders

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17
Q

Reductionism in genetic factors in SZ?

A

May be more to do with common rearing patterns or other factors such as EE

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18
Q

Research on EE?

A

Kalafi and Torabi

19
Q

Kalafi and Torabi?

A

High EE was one of the main causes of SZ

20
Q

Ignoring nurture in genetic factors in SZ?

A

Joseph

21
Q

Joseph?

A

MZ twins treated more similarly, encounter more similar environments and experience more identity confusion

22
Q

Main belief of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

SZ results from an excess of dopamine activity at certain synaptic sites

23
Q

Reasons for excess of dopamine activity?

A
  1. release of excess dopamine by presynaptic neurone firing too easily or too often
  2. abnormally high excess of DZ receptors -> more dopamine binding -> more firing
24
Q

Research on dopamine hypothesis?

A

Comer

25
Q

Comer?

A

Dopamine neurones play a key role in guiding attention, so disturbances may lead to attention, perception and thought problems

26
Q

Ways of investigating dopamine hypothesis?

A

Aphetamines, antipsychotic drugs, parkinsons disease

27
Q

What approach does the dopamine hypothesis come from?

A

Biochemical

28
Q

What do amphetamines do?

A

Dopamine agonists - result in hallucinations and delusions

29
Q

What to antipsychotic drugs do?

A

Dopamine antagonists - eliminate SZ symptoms

30
Q

Research on parkinsons disease?

A

Grilly

31
Q

Grilly?

A

Sufferers of parkinsons disease have low levels of dopamine, so taking L-dopa to raise levels makes them develop side-effecs of SZ type symptoms

32
Q

Strengths of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Support

Effective treatments

33
Q

Weaknesses of the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Reductionist
Cause or effect?
Weak evidence

34
Q

Support for dopamine hypothesis?

A

Seeman

35
Q

Seeman?

A

Increase in dopamine receptor density between 60-110% in SZs

36
Q

Effective treatments from the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Davis et al

37
Q

Davis et al?

A

55% relapse rates for those on placebo, 19% for those an antipsychotics

38
Q

Reductionism in dopamine hypothesis?

A

Vaughn and leff

39
Q

Vaughn and leff?

A

Antipsychotics only made a significant difference for those with high EE (53% relapse compared to 12%)

40
Q

Cause or effect in dopamine hypothesis?

A

Haracz

41
Q

Haracz?

A

Those who hadn’t received medication had normal levels of dopamine in post-mortems

42
Q

Weak evidence for dopamine hypothesis?

A

Copolov and Crook

43
Q

Copolov and Crook?

A

PET scans yet to find convincing evidence

Psychology - PSYA4 (16 decks)

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