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Psychology - PSYA4 > Addiction - Risk Factors > Flashcards

Addiction - Risk Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

Risk factors in development of addiction?

A

Stress, peers, age, personality

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2
Q

Weaknesses of risk factors in addiction?

A

Age bias

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3
Q

Age bias in risk factors in addiction?

A

Most research is on younger groups, but Helfer found 17% of Swiss women took pain killers or sleeping pills everyday (less obvious)

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4
Q

Types of stress?

A

Everyday and traumatic

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5
Q

Research on everyday stress?

A

NIDA

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6
Q

NIDA on stress?

A

Individuals use drink, smoking, drugs, alcohol etc as a means of coping with daily stressors, e.g. money, workplace, relationships

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7
Q

Examples of traumatic stressors?

A

Severe, chronic stressors such as child abuse, loss, PTSD

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8
Q

Research on traumatic stress?

A

Cleck and Blendy

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9
Q

Cleck and Blendy?

A

The more significant and LT the stressor (child abuse), the more likely it’d cause initiation

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10
Q

Research on PTSD?

A

Driessen et al

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11
Q

Driessen et al?

A

30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics had PTSD

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12
Q

Weaknesses of stress as a risk factor?

A

Individual differences

Do addictions decrease stress?

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13
Q

Individual differences in stress researcher?

A

Cloniger

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14
Q

Cloniger?

A

2 types of alcoholics: type 1 (drank to reduce tension, more prone to anxiety/depression) and type 2 (drank to relieve boredom)

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15
Q

Research on decreased stress in smoking?

A

Hajek et al

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16
Q

Hajek et al?

A

Once taking up smoking it may become stress reducing as the desire to have another is stressful

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17
Q

Research on peer influence on smoking?

A

McAllister et al

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18
Q

Mcallister et al?

A

Transition to increased levels of smoking linked to peer encouragement and approval, and the message that smoking = popularity

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19
Q

Research on peer influence on drugs?

A

Sussman and Ames

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20
Q

Sussman and Ames?

A

Peer use of drugs is a strong predictor due to models, offering, groups etc.

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21
Q

Aspects of peer influence?

A

SLT and Social Identity Theory

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22
Q

Social Identity Theory researcher?

A

Abrams and Hogg

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23
Q

Abrams and Hogg?

A

Group members adopt behaviours that are seen as the social identity of the group

24
Q

Michell?

A

Motivation for initiation is due to stereotypes held about specific social crowds

25
Q

Strengths of peers as a risk factor?

A

Treatment implications

Supporting research

26
Q

Weaknesses of peers as a risk factor?

A

Cause or effect?

Limited

27
Q

Treatments due to peers as a risk factor?

A

Should involve helping individuals manage their environment so they don’t return to their original social context

28
Q

Cause or effect in peers as a risk factor?

A

Bullers et al

29
Q

Bullers et al?

A

Peer group predicted drinking but individual drinking also predicted subsequent peer group drinking (longitudinal, 1200+ adults)

30
Q

Support for peers as a risk factor?

A

Duncan et al

31
Q

Duncan et al?

A

Exposure to peer models increases likelihood of addiction

32
Q

Eiser et al?

A

Rewards such as status and popularity are instrumental in initiation and continuance

33
Q

Limitations of peers as a risk factor?

A

Little is known about extent of influence or whether this is restricted when it conflicts with own concerns to maintain a healthy lifestyle

34
Q

Research on age as a risk factor?

A

Brown et al

35
Q

Brown et al?

A

Influence of peers wanes in later adolescence as the role of close friends, and particularly partners, is increasingly important

36
Q

Suram?

A

Rewarding effects of self-administered nicotine on neural system highest in young rats, but withdrawal effects were highest in old age

37
Q

Research on old age?

A

Helfer

38
Q

Helfer?

A

44% of men over 75 drank everyday compared with 6% of 34 year olds

39
Q

Impact of old age on addiction?

A

Change of status -> addiction as coping mechanism

40
Q

Aspects of personality as a risk factor?

A

Neuroticism and psychoticism, and tridimensional theory of addictive behaviour

41
Q

Founder of theory of neuroticism and psychoticism?

A

Eysensk

42
Q

Neuroticism and psychoticism is…

A

biologically based theory of personality based on 3 dimensions: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism (leads to negative affect) and psychoticism (hostility and impulsiveness)

43
Q

Research on neuroticism and psychoticism?

A

Francis

44
Q

Francis?

A

Link between addiction and high scores on neuroticism and psychoticism

45
Q

Tri-dimensional theory of addictive behaviour founder?

A

Cloniger

46
Q

Tri-dimensional theory of addictive behaviour suggests…

A

there are 3 traits that predispose individuals: novelty seeking, harm avoidance (worrying, pessimism), and reward dependence (speed of learning -> repetition)

47
Q

Research on tridimensional theory of addictive behaviour?

A

Blaszozynski

48
Q

Blaszozynski?

A

Pathological gamblers had a significantly higher boredom proneness score

49
Q

Strengths of personality as a risk factor?

A

Support

50
Q

Weaknesses of personality as a risk factor?

A

Cause or effect?

Mainly due to personality?

51
Q

Cause or effect in personality as a risk factor?

A

Teeson et al

52
Q

Teeson et al?

A

Difficult to disentangle the effects of personality on addiction from addiction on personality, as they are correlational

53
Q

Support for personality as a risk factor?

A

Belin et al

54
Q

Belin et al?

A

Sensation seeking rats immediately started taking large doses of self-administered cocaine while impulsive ones started with lower doses but were the ones to become addicted

55
Q

Research suggesting addiction may not be mainly due to personality?

A

Buckholtz et al

56
Q

Buckholtz et al?

A

May be more rewarding for certain personality types as they have a more hypersensitive dopamine response system, so their heightened response makes them less fearful about the consequences

Psychology - PSYA4 (16 decks)

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