Addiction - Learning Flashcards
Weaknesses of the learning approach to addiction?
Limited
Strengths of the learning approach to addiction?
Treatment implications
Limitations of learning approach to addiction?
Fails to explain why only some people become addicted
Treatment implications of learning approach to addiction?
Drummond et al
Drummond et al?
‘Cue exposure’ uses cues without giving the opportunity to engage, leading to stimulus discrimination
Learning approach to gambling initiation researcher?
Griffiths
Griffiths?
Positive reinforcement of physiological buzz, psychological, social and financial rewards
Brown?
Arousal (not winning) is key determinant in gambling addiction
Learning approach to gambling maintenance?
Intermittent reinforcement
Social approval
Negative reinforcement
Intermittent reinforcement in gambling researcher?
Griffiths
Griffiths (IM)?
Persistence is strengthened by a win
Social approval in gambling researcher?
Lambos et al
Lambos et al?
Peers and family more likely to approve = reinforcement
Negative reinforcement in gambling researcher?
Rosenthaul and Lesieur
Rosenthaul and Lesieur?
60% of gamblers reported physical side effects
Learning approach to gambling relapse?
Conditioned cues
Approach-avoidance conflict
Conditioned cues in gambling?
Generate feelings associated with gambling
Approach-avoidance conflict?
Due to both positive and negative consequences they’re motivated to approach and avoid, fluctuating between the two
Weaknesses of learning approach to gambling?
Cannot explain all types of gambling
Reductionist
Why do only some people get addicted?
Why can’t the learning approach to gambling explain all types of gambling?
e.g. different variable ratios (time between behaviour and consequence) and chances of winning
Reductionism in learning approach to gambling?
Blaszcynski and Nower
Blaszcynski and Nower?
2 different pathways: ‘emotionally vulnerable gambler’ (more resistant to change, need to treat underlying vulnerabilities) and ‘behaviourally conditioned pathway’ (least severe)
Learning approach to smoking initiation?
Kandell and Wu
Kandell and Wu?
SLT means that young people start due to social models
NIDA on smoking initiation?
90% of US smokers started as adolescents due to peers
Popularity as a reinforcer in smoking initiation?
Mayeux et al
Mayeux et al?
Positive relationship between popularity and smoking after 2 years in 16 year olds
Learning approach to smoking maintenance?
Strong conditioned response between nicotine and sensory aspects
Learning approach to smoking maintenance researcher?
Franklin et al
Franklin et al?
Smoking-related sensory cues become conditioned stimuli
Learning approach to smoking relapse?
Conditioned cues
Refusal self-efficacy
Conditioned cues in smoking researcher?
Hogarth et al
Hogarth et al?
Craving to smoke significantly increased at the presentation of a conditioned stimuli
Conditioned cues in smoking?
Activate same areas of brain used in smoking to remind them of positive effects
Refusal self-efficacy researcher?
Lawrance and Rubinson
Lawrance and Rubinson?
Frequent smoker = less confidence to quit
Strengths of learning approach to smoking?
Support
Treatment implications
Real world applications
Weaknesses of learning approach to smoking?
Gender bias
Support for initiation in learning approach to smoking?
Karcher and Finn
Karcher and Finn?
1.88x more likely to smoke if parents did, 2.64x if siblings did, 8x if peers did
Support for relapse in learning approach to smoking?
Thewissen et al
Thewissen et al?
Cue predicting smoking -> greater urge to smoke
Gender bias in learning approach to smoking?
Lopez et al
Lopez et al?
Onset and development of smoking follow different patterns, e.g. women start later
Real world applications of learning approach to smoking?
Botvin
Botvin?
Effective forms of drug prevention programs (teaching social skills and drug resistance) should target beginner adolescents as it’s a crucial development period where they are must vulnerable
