Schizophrenia- Biological explanation Flashcards

1
Q

Is there is a genetic component to schizophrenia which means that some individuals are predisposed to it?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What do family studies show?

A

The closer the degree iof genetic relatedness, the greater the risk

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3
Q

What is the concordance rate of sz for identical twins? What is the concordance rate of the rest of the population?

A

-48%
-1%

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4
Q

Why are adoption studies useful?

A

They separate the environmental and genetic factors which proves that there is a genetic element

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5
Q

What did Tiehari et al study show/ procedure?

A

-11/164 adoptees whose biological mothers had been diagnosed with SZ had also been diagnosed
-4/197 who were in the control group (whose biological mothers had not been diagnosed) were diagnosed
-Shows that there is a genetic element

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6
Q

What are candidate genes?

A

Genes that play a specific role in a disorder making it more likely for you to develop it

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7
Q

What is meant by schizophrenia being polygenic?

A

-Multiple genes are responsible for it being caused
-As many as 108 genes
-

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8
Q

What is the disadvantge of schizophrenia being polygenic?

A

There is little predictive power

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9
Q

What are genes associated with SZ usually linked to?

A

The functioning of neurotransmitters such as dopamine

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10
Q

How is dopamine involved with schizophrenia?

A

-It is active in the limbic system which governs emotions
-Dopamine helps to regulate attention
-If processes involving dopamine are disturbed it can create problems with attention, perception and thought which are all characteristics of SZ

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11
Q

What is an excess of dopamine associated with?

A

Positive symptoms

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12
Q

Why do SZ patients have abnormal levels of dopamine?

A

-Have abnormally high levels of D2 receptors on receiving neurons
-Results in more dopamine binding, so more neurons are firing

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13
Q

How does the use of drugs support the dopamine hypothesis?

A

Drugs that increase dopamine- people who take recreational drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines, ‘Normal’ individuals who take these develop characteristics symptoms of SZ

Drugs that decrease dopamine- Antipsychotic drugs block the activity of dopamine by reducing normal pathways/eliminating symptoms such as hallucinations + delusions

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14
Q

What does the revised dopamine hypothesis mean?

A

Davis + Kahn:
- an excess of dopamine in subcortical areas such as the mesolimbic pathway still causes positive symptoms
-negative symptoms arise from a decrease in dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which links to the functioning of the pre-frontal cortex

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15
Q

What are neural correlates?

A

Measurements of the structure/function of the brain that correlate with an experience

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16
Q

How are neural correlates usually studied?

A

MRI + PET scans

17
Q

What have neural correlates shown about the prefrontal cortex in SZ patients? What link does this have to symptoms (Mukai et al)?

A

-It is impaired (Weinberg + Gallhofer)
-Cognitive symptoms of SZ result from deficits within the PFC + its connections with other areas of the brain, particularly the hippocampus

18
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Executive functioning (planning, reasoning and judgement)

19
Q

What do Goto and Grace argue?

A

-Hippocampal dysfunction might also influence levels of dopamine release in the ganglia- which indirectly affects processing of info in PFC

20
Q

Describe grey matter in individuals with SZ

A

-Reduced volume of grey matter especially in temporal and frontal lobes

21
Q

What is white matter and where is it found?

A

-Found in the brain and spinal cord
-Made of fibres covered in myelin- helps to conduct info quickly through the CNS enabling different info processing

22
Q

Describe white matter in individuals with SZ

23
Q

Do people with SZ have enlarged ventricles?

A

-Yes- within grey matter
-Thought to be as a result of nearby parts of the brain not devolping properly

24
Q

Canon - Steep 1.____ of 2.____ matter at a great rate

25
Q

Which type of symptoms has the ventral striatum (VS), the largest structure in the basal ganglia, been associated with?

26
Q

What is the VS part of?

A

The limbic system

27
Q

What is VS associated with?

A

Anticipation of reward

28
Q

superior temporal gyrus (STG), which is thought to control the processing of speech, has been associated with which type of symptoms?

29
Q

Where do SZ patients have reduced grey matter?

A

In the STG

30
Q

Give an evaluation point for genetic factors (Twin and adoption studies)

A

-Evidence to suggest that there is biological influence on the devolpment of SZ but it is not conclusive
-If genes alone caused SZ concordance rates between MZ twins would be 100% not the estimated 48%
-However there is strong evidence for the influence of genetic susceptibility
-Adoption studies show that show SZ have a heightend risk if their parents had SZ even when living in a family without a hirstory of SZ
-Although it is difficult to dispute the influence that genes have on the liklihood of devolping SZ, not a complete explanation and other factors such as enviroment need to be considered

31
Q

Give an evaluation point for the dopamine hypothesis (Drug treatments)

A

-Evidence from treatment
-Sucess of drug treatments that attempt to regulate dopamine activity in the brain
-Leuchtet al carried out a metanalsis of 212 studies which concluded that all antipsyhcotics drugs tested in the studies were significantly more effective than placebos in the treatment in both P+N symptoms
-Achieved by reducing the effects of dopamine
-Findings also challenge the classification of antipsychotics into typical and atypical because of differneces in their effectiveness was small

32
Q

Give an evaluation point for neural correlates (treatment as prevention)

A

-Practical application
-Implications for treatment
-Important as it means early interventions might prevent devolpment of the later stages of SZ
-Concept of treatment as prevention is seen in North American prodome longitudnal study which usees a number of different assesments including neuroimaging to predict who will devolp disorders such as SZ
-Provides better undertanding of how SZ devolps
-Researchers can detect loss of brain tissue early and treat at risk paiatents before psychosis devolps

33
Q

Give an evaluation point for the dopamine hypothesis

A

-Challenges to the dopamine hypothesis
-Nell claims that there is strong evidence against both the original and revised hypotheses
-Antipsychotic drugs do not alleviate hallucinations + delusions in about 1/3 of people who experinece them
-Hallucinations and delusions can be present despite levels of dopamine being normal
-Suggets dopamine is not the sole cause of P symptoms
-Other neurotransmitters that act independently could also produce symptoms