schizophrenia and related disorders Flashcards
schizophrenia general
chronic psychotic disorder characterized by a range of cognitive, behavioral, perceptual, and emotional dysfunction
has positive and negative symptoms
positive symptoms
addition of things that are abnormal
negative symptoms
lack of something considered typical
e.g., emotion, pleasure, social withdrawal
delusions
individual may not find their delusions to be a problem, but people around them might
delusions examples
false beliefs
fixed beliefs not amenable to change that represent disturbed thought content
persecutory delusions
referential delusions
grandiose delusions
erotomanic delusions
nihilistic delusions
somatic delusions
thought broadcasting
thought insertion
thought withdrawal
persecutory beliefs (delusions)
belief that an individual may be hurt or harassed by an individual, group, or organization
referential beliefs (delusions)
beliefs that gestures, comments, and other environmental cues are directed at the individual
grandiose beliefs (delusions)
when an individual beliefs that they have exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame that they don’t have
erotomanic delusions
believes falsely that another person is in love with them
nihilistic delusions
conviction that a major catastrophe will occur
somatic delusions
preoccupations with health and organ functioning in particularly odd ways
thought broadcasting
belief that one’s thoughts are somehow transmitted to the external world so that others can see or hear them
thought insertion
believes one’s thoughts have been planted into one’s mind by some external source(s)
thought withdrawal
belief that one’s thoughts have been removed from one’s mind by some external sources
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions; full force and have the same impact as normal perceptions
occur WITHOUT AN EXTERNAL STIMULUS
auditory hallucinations
most common hallucination type
usually experienced as voices which may be familiar or unfamiliar
hallucination types
auditory
visual
olfactory
gustatory
tactile
command
somatic
tactile hallucinations
skin sensations
command hallucinations
experiences that they are being commanded to behave in a particular way
somatic hallucinations
feelings within the body, or bodily functioning that isn’t there - usually very odd
presentations of disorganized thinking and speech
illogical thoughts
derailment or loose associations
tangentiality
incoherence/word salad
derailment/loose associations
disorganized speech where an individual switches between topics that don’t go together logically
tangetiality
disorganized speech when an individual is in conversation and their answers to questions have nothing to do with the questions being asked
negativism
resistance to instruction associated with schizophrenia
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
diminished emotional expression (flat affect)
lack of volition (less self-initiated purposeful activities)
diminished speech output
anhedonia
asociality
diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia
two or more of:
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
negative symptoms
**symptoms present for at least 6 months
phases of schizophrenia
- prodromal - gradual deterioration, no hallucinations or delusions
- acute - hallucinations, delusions, illogical thinking, incoherent speech
- residual phase - return to normal levels of symptoms more similar to prodromal phase
psychodynamic theory: schizophrenia
ego being overwhelmed by Id
individual regresses back to oral stage due to internal conflict
no effective treatment from this perspective
learning theory: schizophrenia
potential causes are learning through modeling or reinforced behavior
family theories: schizophrenia
schizophrenigenetic mother - cold and distant
genetic evidence for schizophrenia
concordance rates
more common in monozygotic twins
biochemistry theory: schizophrenia
dopamine hypothesis - irregularities in the brain’s use of dopamine
medications related to dopamine as a treatment support this
viral infections: schizophrenia
flu in the first trimester of pregnancy link
brain abnormalities: schizophrenia
structural - prefrontal cortex
brain circuitry - connections to various areas within the brain and limbic system
diathesis stress model - schizophrenia
protective factors can stop stress and diathesis from leading to schizophrenia
treatment approaches: schizophrenia
antipsychotic meds - block dopamine receptors (side effect - tardive dyskinesia)
learning theory - selective reinforcement, token economy
psychosocial rehabilitation
family intervention
tardive dyskinesia
side effect to long term antipsychotic use
frequent eye blinking, involuntary movements, tremors, involuntary chewing, lip smacking, etc.
schizophrenia spectrum disorders
brief psychotic disorders (NOT chronic)
schizophreniform disorder - lasts less than 6 month, schizophrenic-like symptoms
delusional disorder - persistent, clearly delusional beliefs as the primary symptoms (no other schizophrenia symptoms)
other psychotic disorders
schizoaffective disorder
erotomania
schizoaffective disorder
schizophrenic features and severe mood disturbances
erotomania
believes they’re loved by someone (usually famous)
