mood disorders and suicide

Question 1

mood disorders

Answer 1

characterized by unusually severe prolonged disturbances of mood
depressive disorders
bipolar disorders

Question 2

major depressive disorder

Answer 2

5 or more symptoms in the same 2-week period; represent changes in functioning
depressed mood MUST be one of the 5 symptoms in adults, in kids it can be replace with irritability

Question 3

symptoms of major depressive disorder (must have at least 5 for diagnosis)

Answer 3

anhedonia - reduced ability to experience pleasure in things you used to find pleasure in
significant weight loss or gain
insomnia or hypersomnia
psychomotor agitation or retardation - speed of movement
fatigue or loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness, guilt - usually no connection to reality
diminished concentration or indecisiveness
recurrent thoughts of suicide - not everyone

Question 4

seasonal affective disorder (mdd with seasonal pattern)

Answer 4

applies to recurrent MDD
full remission occurs at characteristic time of the year
in the last 2 years, 2 episodes have occurred seasonally

Question 5

major depressive disorder with peripartum onset

Answer 5

episodes have onset during or after pregnancy
with or without psychotic features

Question 6

persistant depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Answer 6

mild depression that lasts a longer time
depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not for 2 years

Question 7

persistent depressive disorder symptoms (at least 2 for diagnosis)

Answer 7

disturbed appetite
low energy or fatigue
poor concentration/decision making
feelings of hopelessness
disturbed sleep
low self-esteem

Question 8

premenstrual dysphoric disorded

Answer 8

in the majority of menstrual cycles, at least 5 symptoms present in week prior to menses, with improvement within a few days of onset and minimal/absent postmenses

Question 9

bipolar I disorder (used to be called manic depressive disorder)

Answer 9

presence of at least one major depressive episode and one manic episode

Question 10

manic episode

Answer 10

a distinctive period of abnormally & persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy lasting at least one week

Question 11

mood changes associated with manic episode (need at least 3)

Answer 11

inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
decreased need for sleep
distractibility
pressured speech
racing thoughts
increase in goal-oriented activity
excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

Question 12

bipolar II disorder

Answer 12

presence of hypomanic episode (less severe)
person has never experienced a full-blown manic episode
symptoms less severe than a full blown manic episode but with a duration of four consecutive days

Question 13

cyclothymic disorder - bipolar form of dysthymia

Answer 13

chronic pattern of mood swings less severe than those with bipolar disorder
hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms
never met criteria for major depression, mania, or hypomania

Question 14

psychodynamic theory: mood disorders

Answer 14

depression is anger turned inward
role of loss
self-focusing style may lead to rumination
bipolar disorder is shifting dominance between superego (depression) and ego (mania)

Question 15

psychodynamic treatment: mood disorders

Answer 15

explore underlying issues & ambivalent feelings toward “lost objects”
unconscious material
work through anger
interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 16

humanistic theory: mood disorders

Answer 16

lack of meaning leads to mood disorders, particularly depression
absences of self-fulfillment
reduction in self-esteem

Question 17

learning theory: mood disorders

Answer 17

emphasize environment & situational influences - link symptoms to certain situations
role of reinforcement (positive or negative)

Question 18

Lewinsohn behavioral model for depression

Answer 18

depression results from an individual’s behavior and lack of reinforcement

Question 19

Coyne interactional theory of depression

Answer 19

individual’s behavior influences how people respond to them, social interaction problems lead to reduced positive reinforment
“reciprocal interaction”

Question 20

learning theory: treatment for mood disorders

Answer 20

hands-on interventions
“behavior-activation”
developing social and interpersonal skills

Question 21

Beck (CBT) theory on depression

Answer 21

people with depression focus more on their feelings than their thoughts
cognitive triad of depression: negative view of self, environment, future
treatment: identify irrational thoughts and try to make them more rational

Question 22

Burns theory on mood disorders

Answer 22

cognitive distortions, overgeneralizing, “should”
magnification of negative things & minimization of positive things

Question 23

learned helplessness - seligman

Answer 23

put dogs in an inescapable uncomfortable situation
effect of environment - learned helplessness
situational enhance attitudes that lead to depression

Question 24

cognitive treatment for depression

Answer 24

identify, challenge, and modify distorted thoughts
shift focus from feelings to thoughts
we feel what we feel because of what we think

Question 25

biological perspective on mood disorders

Answer 25

closer genetic relationship, greater chance of developing depression
gene-environment interactions

Question 26

biochemical factors of mood disorders

Answer 26

serotonin & norepinephrine have an activating effect on people
anti-depressants help regulate these neurotransmitters, doesn’t work for everyone though
reduced metabolic activity in prefrontal cortex (where we initiate activity & interpret feelings

Question 27

anti-depressant meds general

Answer 27

need 3-4 weeks to reach a therapeutic dose to see if it works

Question 28

tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 28

first ones developed
increase serotonin and norepinephrine by interfering with reuptake
intense side effects

Question 29

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 29

inhibit monoamine oxidase, which normally breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse
makes neurotransmitters more available
serious potential reactions with certain foods and alcohol

Question 30

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 30

make serotonin more available because its not taken up as quickly
less severe side effects

Question 31

serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Answer 31

inhibit reuptake of both
less severe side effects

Question 32

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 32

a treatment for severe depression in individuals for whom other interventions that have not worked
running an electric current through the brain to induce seizures

Question 33

bipolar disorders treatment (general)

Answer 33

mood stabilizing medications: lithium carbonate, tegretol and depakote

Question 34

lithium carbonate

Answer 34

mood stabilizer for treating bipolar disorder
most commonly used med for this, but need periodic blood tests so there isn’t a toxic amount of lithium in blood

Question 35

tegretol and depakote

Answer 35

mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder
doesn’t have the blood concentration issue
originally used to reduce risk of seizures after traumatic injuries

Question 36

suicide: need to know

Answer 36

10th leading cause of death in the US (grossly underreported, likely higher)
2nd leading cause of death among college students
one death due to suicide every 17 minutes
women attempt more frequently, men complete more frequently

Question 37

suicide - ideation, plan, intent

Answer 37

ideation - thoughts of - not that uncommon and not a sign of psychopathology
plan - one step further, they have of a plan of how they’d do it and they have access to that plan
intent - if they plan to act on that plan