mood disorders and suicide Flashcards
mood disorders
characterized by unusually severe prolonged disturbances of mood
depressive disorders
bipolar disorders
major depressive disorder
5 or more symptoms in the same 2-week period; represent changes in functioning
depressed mood MUST be one of the 5 symptoms in adults, in kids it can be replace with irritability
symptoms of major depressive disorder (must have at least 5 for diagnosis)
anhedonia - reduced ability to experience pleasure in things you used to find pleasure in
significant weight loss or gain
insomnia or hypersomnia
psychomotor agitation or retardation - speed of movement
fatigue or loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness, guilt - usually no connection to reality
diminished concentration or indecisiveness
recurrent thoughts of suicide - not everyone
seasonal affective disorder (mdd with seasonal pattern)
applies to recurrent MDD
full remission occurs at characteristic time of the year
in the last 2 years, 2 episodes have occurred seasonally
major depressive disorder with peripartum onset
episodes have onset during or after pregnancy
with or without psychotic features
persistant depressive disorder (dysthymia)
mild depression that lasts a longer time
depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not for 2 years
persistent depressive disorder symptoms (at least 2 for diagnosis)
disturbed appetite
low energy or fatigue
poor concentration/decision making
feelings of hopelessness
disturbed sleep
low self-esteem
premenstrual dysphoric disorded
in the majority of menstrual cycles, at least 5 symptoms present in week prior to menses, with improvement within a few days of onset and minimal/absent postmenses
bipolar I disorder (used to be called manic depressive disorder)
presence of at least one major depressive episode and one manic episode
manic episode
a distinctive period of abnormally & persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy lasting at least one week
mood changes associated with manic episode (need at least 3)
inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
decreased need for sleep
distractibility
pressured speech
racing thoughts
increase in goal-oriented activity
excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences
bipolar II disorder
presence of hypomanic episode (less severe)
person has never experienced a full-blown manic episode
symptoms less severe than a full blown manic episode but with a duration of four consecutive days
cyclothymic disorder - bipolar form of dysthymia
chronic pattern of mood swings less severe than those with bipolar disorder
hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms
never met criteria for major depression, mania, or hypomania
psychodynamic theory: mood disorders
depression is anger turned inward
role of loss
self-focusing style may lead to rumination
bipolar disorder is shifting dominance between superego (depression) and ego (mania)
psychodynamic treatment: mood disorders
explore underlying issues & ambivalent feelings toward “lost objects”
unconscious material
work through anger
interpersonal psychotherapy
humanistic theory: mood disorders
lack of meaning leads to mood disorders, particularly depression
absences of self-fulfillment
reduction in self-esteem
learning theory: mood disorders
emphasize environment & situational influences - link symptoms to certain situations
role of reinforcement (positive or negative)
Lewinsohn behavioral model for depression
depression results from an individual’s behavior and lack of reinforcement
Coyne interactional theory of depression
individual’s behavior influences how people respond to them, social interaction problems lead to reduced positive reinforment
“reciprocal interaction”
learning theory: treatment for mood disorders
hands-on interventions
“behavior-activation”
developing social and interpersonal skills
Beck (CBT) theory on depression
people with depression focus more on their feelings than their thoughts
cognitive triad of depression: negative view of self, environment, future
treatment: identify irrational thoughts and try to make them more rational
Burns theory on mood disorders
cognitive distortions, overgeneralizing, “should”
magnification of negative things & minimization of positive things
learned helplessness - seligman
put dogs in an inescapable uncomfortable situation
effect of environment - learned helplessness
situational enhance attitudes that lead to depression
cognitive treatment for depression
identify, challenge, and modify distorted thoughts
shift focus from feelings to thoughts
we feel what we feel because of what we think
biological perspective on mood disorders
closer genetic relationship, greater chance of developing depression
gene-environment interactions
biochemical factors of mood disorders
serotonin & norepinephrine have an activating effect on people
anti-depressants help regulate these neurotransmitters, doesn’t work for everyone though
reduced metabolic activity in prefrontal cortex (where we initiate activity & interpret feelings
anti-depressant meds general
need 3-4 weeks to reach a therapeutic dose to see if it works
tricyclic antidepressants
first ones developed
increase serotonin and norepinephrine by interfering with reuptake
intense side effects
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
inhibit monoamine oxidase, which normally breaks down neurotransmitters in the synapse
makes neurotransmitters more available
serious potential reactions with certain foods and alcohol
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
make serotonin more available because its not taken up as quickly
less severe side effects
serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
inhibit reuptake of both
less severe side effects
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a treatment for severe depression in individuals for whom other interventions that have not worked
running an electric current through the brain to induce seizures
bipolar disorders treatment (general)
mood stabilizing medications: lithium carbonate, tegretol and depakote
lithium carbonate
mood stabilizer for treating bipolar disorder
most commonly used med for this, but need periodic blood tests so there isn’t a toxic amount of lithium in blood
tegretol and depakote
mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder
doesn’t have the blood concentration issue
originally used to reduce risk of seizures after traumatic injuries
suicide: need to know
10th leading cause of death in the US (grossly underreported, likely higher)
2nd leading cause of death among college students
one death due to suicide every 17 minutes
women attempt more frequently, men complete more frequently
suicide - ideation, plan, intent
ideation - thoughts of - not that uncommon and not a sign of psychopathology
plan - one step further, they have of a plan of how they’d do it and they have access to that plan
intent - if they plan to act on that plan
