Schizophrenia Flashcards
For a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be reliable it must show _____________ and ___________ across diagnosing clinicians i.e. the same set of ____________ must be given the same diagnosis regardless of who is doing the diagnosing
consistency and agreement.
same set of symptoms
Inter-rater reliability refers to the above point: if more than one clinician is diagnosing the same patient then they should both/all agree as to the _____________
diagnosis
Issues with reliability occur when (as does happen) clinicians ____________ as to the diagnosis
disagree
Unreliable diagnosis may happen if clinicians do not use the same diagnostic tools e.g. one clinician uses the ____ and other uses the ___, regardless of year of publication of both of these manuals
DSM AND ICD
EVAL Internal Validity can be assessed based on whether extraneous variables (unwanted) that could affect results are successfully ___________ or _____________. The greater the control of such variables the greater the confidence that a cause and effect relevant to the construct being investigated can be found.
controlled, eliminated
External Validity is?
measure of whether data collected can be generalised to other situations outside of the research environment that is was gathered in.
EVAL: The external validity of an experiment can be assessed and improved by replicating a study at different times and places, and after obtaining similar results. For example confidence in the generalisability of results is increased when research is successfully replicated across different cultures.
Two types of reliability?
Problem with reliability?
Test retest = clinicians are able to reach the same conclusions at two points in time
Inter-rater reliability = when different clinicians cab reach the same diagnosis - this is measured using ‘kappa score’. (1 = perfect agreement and 0 means no agreement) (0.7 = positive)
Problem = Regier only achieved 0.47 agreement, meaning the reliability of diagnosing schiz is very low.
Validity refers to
the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure, ensuring that the results are accurate and meaningful.
Santelmann et al. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 25 studies with a total sample of 7912 patients diagnosed by different raters and found that reliability of schizophrenia diagnosis had consistently ________ _________ ____________ than the diagnosis of major depressive disorder and bi-polar disorder
lower inter-rater reliability
Rosenhan (1973) tested the validity of schizophrenia diagnosis in a field experiment in which he and eight confederates reported _________ _____________ and were all (but one) admitted to mental hospitals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia .
The fact that they were admitted and diagnosed with schizophrenia, despite having no actual mental health condition, highlighted concerns about how effectively mental health professionals could distinguish between __________ and ______________ symptoms.
false symptoms
genuine and fabricated
Co-morbidity is when one patient is diagnosed with ___ or more _________ _________
.
E.g. patients with schizophrenia are at an increased risk for the development of ____________ as the two illnesses may share a common manner and/or genetic basis
.
One of the difficulties in diagnosing a co-morbid patient is trying to find the extent of one ________ over another particularly when there is symptom overlap (e.g. Is this depression or is it part of patient X’s schizophrenia?)
two, mental illness
.
depression
.
illness
Symptom overlap is when two or more illnesses share some of the same ____________
.
e.g. avolition (a negative symptom of schizophrenia) overlaps with symptoms of ____________ - lethargy, lack of motivation, neglecting personal hygiene etc
.
One of the major issues for clinicians when faced with symptom overlap is that the ___ and the ___ use different criteria to classify the same symptoms
.
e.g. the DSM might produce a diagnosis of schizophrenia whereas the ICD diagnosis might be bi-polar disorder for the same set of symptoms
symptoms
.
depression
.
DSM and ICD
Buckley et al. (2009) found that schizophrenia has the following co-morbidities: __% for depression; 47% for substance abuse disorder; 29% for PTSD; __% for OCD; 15% for panic disorder
50, 23
Gender bias in diagnosis refers to any instances of a person being diagnosed according to their ______________, rather than their symptoms
E.g. a female is not diagnosed with schizophrenia even when she presents with symptoms as the clinician may view her as a ‘__________female’ rather than taking her symptoms seriously (an example of alpha bias).
______models of health are used to diagnose a woman.
Clinicians may also not pay enough attention to the fact that the risk factors for developing schizophrenia are different for male and females so there should be no ‘one size fits all’ approach (an example of ____bias)
gender
hysterical
male
beta
