Mrs Turner

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

• the idea that our knowledge and understanding of the world primarily comes from our direct sensory experiences.
  -like saying we believe things because we’ve seen or experienced them.

Question 2

Introspection

By who?

Answer 2

process of gaining knowledge about own mental and emotional states through the examination of conscious thoughts and feelings.
-Wundt

Question 3

scientific method

Answer 3

involves using objective and systematic methods

Question 4

systematic method

Answer 4

way of doing things that follows a structured and organised approach

Question 5

Behaviorist Approach

Answer 5

Theory which believes that human behaviour can be explained through conditioning, without considering thoughts or feelings.

Question 6

Classical Conditioning:

Answer 6

When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response.

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 7

something that doesn’t cause any specific reaction or response on its own but gets paired with a something that does cause a reaction.

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 8

something that naturally triggers a specific response without any prior learning or conditioning.

Question 9

conditioned response

Answer 9

a learned reaction that occurs in response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 10

Operant conditioning

Answer 10

-Learning through reinforcement or punishment.

Question 11

If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence then?

Answer 11

that behaviour is more likely to occur again

Question 12

Punishment

Answer 12

Using an unpleasant consequence after a behaviour, making the behavior less likely to happen again.

Question 13

Reinforcement

Answer 13

makes a response/association stronger and increases the chances of it happening again.

Question 14

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 14

When you add something rewarding after a behaviour to increase the chance of that behavior happening again.
-For example, giving a child a piece of candy (pleasant) for doing their homework (desired behavior) to encourage them to do it more in the future.

Question 15

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 15

When you remove something unpleasant after a behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behavior happening again.
-For instance, fastening your seatbelt (good behaviour) to stop the annoying beeping sound in your car (unpleasant) encourages you to wear your seatbelt in the future.

Question 16

Positive Punishment

Answer 16

This involves adding something unpleasant after a behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior happening again.
-Example is giving a student extra homework (unpleasant) for talking in class (bad behaviour) to discourage them from talking during lessons again

Question 17

Skinner did ________________ conditioning.
-This included positive and negative _______________.
-Consequences: this is what happens after the __________________.

Answer 17

Operant
- positive and negative reinforcement

-behaviour

Question 18

Strength of Operant Conditioning:
-The particular strength of OC is the use of the __________________ method which allowed the use of _______________ conditions through the skinner box.
-he could see how the manipulation of the consequences of behaviour( IV) affected _____________ itself (DV). This also allowed accurate predictions on behaviour to be made too.

Answer 18

-experimental
-controlled

-behaviour

Question 19

Criticism of Skinner’s work.
-Heavily relied on ____. They are significantly ______________
from humans and therefore the findings may lack ____________ validity to real world situations for humans.
-Humans also have free will.
-R_________________- attempts to explain behaviour as a result of stimulus response.

Answer 19

-rats, different

-egological

-Reductionalist

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement: Behaviour is strengthened by a _____________ consequence.

Answer 21

-pleasant

-Example: Giving food to a hungry animal or praising a child for doing well.

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement: Behaviour is strengthened by removing something ________________.

Example: Hitting the ‘off’ button on an alarm clock to escape the annoying sound.

Answer 22

-unpleasant

Question 23

Behaviourist Evaluation: Skinner:
-Skinner’s experiments used non-human animals, which some critics argue limits their __________________ to human behavior.
-Critics believe humans have _____-______, while non-human animals don’t, making Skinner’s findings less relevant.

Answer 23

-applicability

-free-will

Question 24

Critique of Behaviorism:
-Neglect of ______________ and ________________ Factors: Behaviourists are criticised for focusing solely on ________________ and neglecting cognitive and emotional aspects in explaining behavior.

Answer 24

-Cognitive, Emotional

-conditioning

Question 25

Emergence of Psychology as a Science:
-Psychology is held together by its reliance on empiricism, the belief that knowledge comes from _____________ and experience rather than being _______.
-Psychology became distinct when Wilhelm __________ and his followers applied empirical methods to study __________ beings.
-Determinism Assumption: Psychology assumes all behaviour is ___________.
-Scientific Method: This approach uses objective, systematic, and replicable investigative methods.

Answer 25

-observation, innate
-Wundt
-human
-caused

Question 26

Criticisms of Introspection:
- Introspection is not very _____________ in understanding the causes and processes of our behaviour and attitudes, this issue is prominant when looking at _______________-.

Answer 26

-accurate
-stereotypes

Question 27

AO3 Introspection:
-Introspection remains _______________ in scientific psychology.
-They used introspection to measure ______________ by having teens record thoughts and feelings.
-Findings: Most entries showed unhappiness, but during challenging tasks, they were ____________.

Answer 27

-relevant
-happiness

-happier

Question 28

Social Learning Theory:
What are the 3 stages?

Answer 28

Modelling
Imitation
Identifcation

Question 29

SLT:
-Modelling: SLT requires someone to ________________ the behaviour. Models can be live (like parents, teachers, or peers) or symbolic (characters in media).
-Imitation: Children learn not only through ___________ but also by imitating attitudes and behaviors modeled by significant others.
-Identification: is how much a person __________ to a model and feels similar to them. It’s crucial for effective social learning. People are more likely to identify with models who are ___________ to them, especially of the same sex. When someone identifies with a model, they’re more likely to imitate that model’s behavior

Answer 29

-demonstrate

-rewards

-relates

-similar

Question 30

Vicarious Reinforcement:
-Children who see someone rewarded for _______________ behavior are more likely to imitate it.
-Established by “____________”
-People learn by _______________ others and adjusting their behaviour based on what they see.
-Individuals don’t need to personally experience rewards or punishments; they can learn from _______________ others.

Answer 30

-aggressive

-Bandura
-watching

-observing

Question 31

AO3 SLT:
-Efforts to change health behaviours by the media are more successful when the audience ____________ with the models in the message.
-Greater identification with the model is expected to encourage the audience to imitate the ________________.
-Andsager et al. (2006) found that perceived similarity to a model in an ____-____________ ad made the message more effective

Answer 31

-identifies

-behaviour
-anti-alcohol

Question 32

SLT Evaluation:
-Social learning theory helps us understand various features of human _______________, including criminal conduct.
-Akers’ Insight (1990): Exposure to __________ models, identification with them, and expecting ____________ outcomes for criminal actions increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior.

Answer 32

-behaviour

-criminal
-positive

Question 33

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment:
-Children who observed either ______________ or non-_______________ adult models.
-Aggressive models displayed physical and _________ aggression towards a Bobo doll, non-aggressive models did not.
-They were then taken to a room with a Bobo doll
Findings:
-Children who saw the aggressive model imitated a lot of physical and verbal _______________.
-Those who observed the non-aggressive model showed hardly any _______________.
-Some children who saw the aggressive model repeated verbal aggression, while none who saw the non-aggressive model did.

Answer 33

-aggressive x2
-verbal

-aggression
-aggression

Question 34

-Schema’s are ______________ structures that help us ____________ information.
-They are based on ___________________ of how to behave in different situations, due to experiences.
-Schemas allow us to take ________________ when processing information, making it more manageable.
-However, schemas can also lead to ______, as they make us focus on information that confirms our preexisting __________.
-Schemas help fill in information gaps when we lack complete ______ about a person, event, or thing.
-They can lead to the development of _______________.

Answer 34

-cognitive -interpret
-expectations
-shortcuts

-bias
-beliefs
-data

-stereotypes

Question 35

The cognitive approach focuses on studying information __________________ in the human mind.
-Information ________________ involves extracting, storing, and retrieving information to influence _________________.
-Advancements in brain research have enabled neuroscientists to study the living __________.
-Both _________’s area and _______________’s area were important in advancing the understanding of the brain.

Answer 35

-processing

-processing
-behaviour

-brain
-Broca’s & Wernicke’s

Question 36

Cognitive Examples:
-“________________” study on how schemas affects ability and accuracy in memorising info. His study has been significant towards ___ _____________ testimonies.
-People are born with basic schemas, for example ________________.
-Postman and Spears study on a ________ and ___________ guy holding a knife.

Answer 36

-Barlett

-eye witness
-sucking
-white and black

Question 37

Broca’s Area:
-Broca’s area is primarily involved in language _________________, including the ability to form grammatically correct sentences.
-Damage to Broca’s area can result in Broca’s __________, a condition in which individuals have difficulty articulating and producing speech or writing.
-When Broca’s area is damaged, it can lead to frustration and difficulty in expressing ___________ and ideas, affecting an individual’s behaviour by potentially causing communication challenges and reduced social interaction.

Answer 37

-production

-aphasia

-thoughts

Question 38

Wernicke’s Area:

Answer 38

Involved with interpreting information.

Question 39

Cognitive Evaluation
-The cognitive approach has applications in various areas of ____________.
-It aids in understanding how we _____________ the actions of others.
-he cognitive approach helps explain dysfunctional behavior by linking it to ________ thinking processes

Answer 39

-psychology
-interpret

-faulty

Question 40

AO3 Cognitive Evaluation:
-Cognitive psychology studies often use tasks that lack ____________ ____________.
-Memory experiments, for instance, use artificial materials like random ______ or _______, which don’t mirror real-life memory use.
-This lack of ______________ ____________ makes it challenging to apply the findings to real-life situations.
-Research in cognitive psychology may be criticized for failing to represent real-life ________________ accurately

Answer 40

-ecological validity

-words or digits
-ecological validity

-behaviours

Question 42

-Biological approach psychological functioning through __________.
-Evolutionary perspective: Psychologists apply Charles _________’s ideas to understand how behaviours like mate selection and ______________ have evolved for adaptive purposes in humans.

Answer 42

-biology
-Darwin’s

-aggression

Question 43

• ______________ is the passing of characteristics from one generation to the next through genes.
• Heredity explains why offspring often resemble their parents in terms of ________________ .
• Genes contain instructions for specific characteristics like ____________ and emotionality.
• Genotype: The ___________ code in an individual’s DNA
• The physical ______________ resulting from inherited info.
• The more a trait is influenced by genetics, the higher its ___________.
  -Studies with identical twins suggest that 60-80% of the variation in intelligence may be constructed by _________.

Answer 43

-Heredity

-characteristics

-intelligence &
-genetic
-appearance

-heritability

-genes

Question 44

-Biological structures have a significant impact on human behavior, which are?
-The nervous system includes the ___ and ___ ( ____________ nervous system)
-The nervous system carries _____________ throughout the body.
-Neurons, the message carriers, transmit nerve impulses as _____________ signals.
-Many behaviours, like breathing, eating, and sexual behavior, are controlled by ____________ and the ____________ system.

Answer 44

-The nervous system and the brain

-CNS and PNS (Peripheral)

-messages

-electrical

-neurons and the nervous

Question 45

Brain Structure:
- _______________: The largest part of the brain, accounting for about 85% of its total mass.
- Cerebral ______________: The outer surface of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-order functions like ___________ and ____________.
-Hemispheres: The cerebrum is divided into two halves called ________________.

Answer 45

-Cerebrum

-Cortex
-thought
-language

-hemispheres

Question 46

-Neurotransmitters are chemicals released when a nerve impulse reaches the end of a __________.
-They travel across a junction called the ___________ to the next neuron.
-Two types of neurotransmitters, ____________ which stimulate the brain ( ____________it) and release _______________.The other being ___________________, which ______________ mood, and also releases _____________.
Low serotonin levels can lead to increased _____________. (_____________ et al.)

Answer 46

-neuron
-synapse
-excitatory
-motivating -dopamine
-inhibitory, balances
-serotonin
aggression
-Crockett

Question 47

Hormones:
Hormones are chemicals produced by _____________ glands, like the pituitary gland, which make up the ______________ system.
-They _____________ (excite) receptors on or inside cells, causing a biochemical reactions that alter cell activity.
-Carré et al. (2006) observed a surge in testosterone levels in a Canadian ___ __________ team when they played at their home stadium, suggesting that _______________ can affect behaviour and motivation.

Answer 47

-endocrine
-endocrine

-stimulate

-ice hockey
-hormones

Question 48

Biological Approach AO3:
-Evolutionary explanations of human behaviour can be limited because behaviours can ___________ through genetic or cultural routes
-Bio Approach stresses ____________ evolution but ignores the possibility of _____________ evolution
-“Cultural evolution” refers to how behaviors and traits in humans can change and develop over time through ___________ and _____________ influences rather than purely biological factors.
-In cultures like _______, attitudes toward girls have __________, and the strong cultural preference for sons has decreased due to ________________ evolution.

Answer 48

-evolve
-biological
-cultural.

-societal and cultural

-China, -changed

-cultural

Question 49

Gottesman’s study:
-Primarily used _______ to assess the heritability of _________________. Identical
( ________________) twins share ____% of their genetic material, while dizygotic twins share approximately __%
-By comparing the concordance rates of schizophrenia between these twin types, the researchers aimed to determine the __________ contribution to the disorder.
-The study showed there is a __% concordance rate for monozygotic, 17% for dizygtoic and 9% for siblings. This finding aligns with the biological approach’s perspective that mental illnesses can have a strong genetic link.
-While the study provided important insights into the ____________ of schizophrenia, it also acknowledged that _______________ factors play a role in the disorder’s development.
-The study provides strong evidence for the biological approach as it shows a signifcantly higher concordance rate for in __________________ twins rather than _____________ twins.

Answer 49

-twins, schizophrenia
-monozygotic, 100
-50

-genetic

-48

-hereditary
-environmental

monozygotic, dizygotic.

Question 50

Psychodynamic assumptions:
-Unconscious mind: The driving force behind our behaviour is the _____________ mind, if we have problematic behaviour, we need to access the _______________.
-Instincts/Drives: We are born with drives such as the ___ drive. We develop through a series of ___________ stages.
-Freud argues that Early Childhood Experiences is important in making us who we are.
-Unconscious mind: things such as _____________.

Answer 50

.
.
-unconscious
-conscious
-sex
-sexual

-sexual

Question 51

Psychodynamic Defense Mechanisms:
Repression: When an ____________ memory is pushed into the unconscious mind where it is not accessible to the conscious mind, it won’t cause anxiety.
Denial: refusing to accept ____________ of a situation.
________________: moving emotions from the source to an alternative.

Answer 51

.
-unpleasant

-reality
-Displacement

Question 52

Are psychodynamic ideas considered scientific?

• ___, the unconscious mind being ____________ means it ____________ be tested in a scientific matter, so it can’t be proven unfalsifiable.
  -“____________” argues that psychodynamic ideas are not scientific.

Answer 52

.
.
no, inaccessible, cannot
.
Popper

Question 53

Who did Freud strongly influence?

Answer 53

Bowlby’s attachment issues, maternal deprivation causing long lasting negative effects.

Question 54

Psychodynamic approach view on determinism?

Answer 54

Deterministic to an extent, because of mental processes and behaviour are actually influenced by unconscious drives set in childhood. However, it also takes into account that individuals can

Question 55

Structure of personality according to psychodynamic approach:
-The __, also known as the ______________ principle. Present from ________. Focussed on satisfying own __________/_________.
-Ego, also known as the ____________ principle, develops from _ years old. Focussed on _____________ the two, so you dont get excessive guilt or selfishness.
-______________, also known as the _______________ principle, focussed on obeying society’s rules by using ________. Developed from _-5 years old.

Answer 55

.
-ID, pleasure, birth.
-needs/wants
-reality, 2
-balancing
.
-Superego, morality
-guilt, 3-5.

Question 56

what are defence mechanisms?

Answer 56

unconscious processes that reduce anxiety felt by the Ego.

Question 57

Comparison.

Answer 57

-Psychdynamic approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, looks at unconscious motivations and emotional conflicts that may originate from early life experiences to explain why people behave the way they do.
-The cognitive approach, in contrast, focuses on conscious mental processes, such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving, to understand behavior.
-Psychodynamic therapy, including psychoanalysis, aims to bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness. This process involves exploring hidden emotions and inner conflicts.
-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a widely used therapeutic approach based on the cognitive perspective. It targets cognitive distortions and patterns of thinking that can lead to emotional and behavioral issues. CBT helps individuals change their thought patterns for improved mental health.

Question 58

How did Freud develop his theories, and why is it a problem.

Answer 58

Developed through his own interpretation of case studies, such as little Han’s fear of horses which Freud explained as a result of fear from his father (Oedupus complex). Highly suspectible to bias.

Question 59

1) _____________ complex, occurs duing the ___________ stage.
- involves a child’s feelings of _______________ toward the opposite-sex parent and ____________ toward the same-sex parent. The child may identify with the same-sex parent as a way to resolve these feelings.
2) ____________Complex. In this case, a girl may develop feelings of attraction toward her _________ and rivalry with her mother. She may identify with her mother as part of the resolution process.

Answer 59

Oedipus, phallic stage
attraction
jealousy
.
Electra
father