Schatcher & Singer

Question 1

Assumption of the biological approach

Answer 1

• behaviour, cognitions & emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain, and the effect of hormones
• Similarities & differences between people can be uderstood in terms of biological factors, and their interaction with other factors

Question 2

Aim for S&S

Answer 2

to test the two-factor theory of emotion. If given a state of psychological arousal for which the Pp had an explaination, whether this would lead them to link it to the situation around them or not
- Whether the activity of the stooge had an effect on Pp arousal

Question 3

Two-factor thoery of emotion

Answer 3

Physiological arousal + cognitive interpretation = emotional experience

Question 4

Hypothesise (3)

Answer 4

• if in a state of physiological aorusal, and no immediate explaination, Pp will blame based on cognitions around them
• If in a state of physiological arousal, and already have an explaination, labels will not be according to cognitions available
• No physiological arousal = no emotion

Question 5

Fake aim given to Pp

Answer 5

• testing a drug “suproxin” on vision; seeing how vitamins affect vision

Question 6

How many pp withdrew after fake aim given?

Answer 6

1/185

Question 7

Number of Pp

Answer 7

185

Question 8

Demographic for sample

Answer 8

• all males
• studying psychology at Uni of minnesota
• gain course credit

Question 9

sample method

Answer 9

volunteer

Question 10

Type of study

Answer 10

Experiment:
- self report
- observation

Question 11

psychological arousal in this study

Answer 11

(caused by epinephrine) - heart rate increases, headaches etc.

Question 12

Cognitions (in this study)

Answer 12

Euphoric or anger condition

Question 13

Experimental design

Answer 13

Independant measures design

Question 14

IVs

Answer 14

• Injection given: Epinephrine; saline solution (placebo)
• Instruction given: informed, misinformed, ignored
• Condition: anger; euphoria

Question 15

DVs

Answer 15

• self report questionnaire results
• Observation in the condition rooms

Question 16

What were the epi mis group told?

Answer 16

• itching sensations
• numb feet
• slight headache

Question 17

What were epi informed told?

Answer 17

• shakey hands
• pouding heart
• flushed face

Question 18

Conclusions

Answer 18

• two-factor theory of emotion theory supported!
• (all hypothesis correct/confirmed)
• You need a state of psychological arousal AND a cognition in order to feel emotion

Question 19

Generalisability

Answer 19

Negative
- all males
- done for course credit
- Uni students studying psycho

Positive:
- large sample

Question 20

reliability

Answer 20

positive
- standardised stooges, info, injections, questionnaires, activities, pulses
- Inter-rater reliability good (88% euphoria) (71% anger)

Question 21

Application

Answer 21

• people with anxiety/panic attacks to recognise their symptoms, and how we can help them

Question 22

Validity

Answer 22

positive:
- quantitative & qualitative data collected
- Observations behind one-way glass (covert)
- Multiple measures of emotion - heart rate, observation & questionnaire
- stooges unaware which condition Pp are in

Negative:
- not all Pp reacted to the injection
- ecological validity
- possible social desirability bias in anger condition - not wanting to offend the stooge
- Psychology students may work harder to find out what experiment is all about
- Can’t compare emotions afterwards to before hand-as not all full measurements taken

Question 23

Ethics

Answer 23

Positive:
- debrief
- informed consent
- right to withdraw
- physical harm - injections checked with health board before experiment

Negative:
- deception used
- Course credit offer could affect obligation to withdraw

Question 24

Nature or nurture

Answer 24

nature!

Question 25

Situational vs individual

Answer 25

situational:
- different cognitions led to different emotions WHEN pp didn’t already have an explaination for their arousal

Individual:
- each Pp reacted differently to the injection.
- When had an internal reason (injection) for emotion, that was the explaination