scd 2

Question 1

cataract

Answer 1

clouding of lens of eye

Question 2

age related macular degeneration

Answer 2

wet - rapid degeneration leading to sightloss)
dry - gradual loss of central vision

Question 3

glaucoma

Answer 3

raised intraoccular pressure due to excess fluid resulting in damage to optic nerve
can progress to sight loss

Question 4

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 4

damage to retina due to prolonged high blood sugar levels
progresses over years and can lead to sight loss if not treated

Question 5

hemianopia

Answer 5

blindness in one half of visual field

Question 6

give and example of a reasonable and an unreasonable adjustment that would be considered with regards to the equality act 2010

Answer 6

reasonable - adding ramp in addition to stairs leading up to practice front door
unreasonable - installing a lift to a practice in an old tenement building

Question 7

what equipment could be used to transfer a patient from a wheelchair into a dental chair

Answer 7

banana board
hoist
reclining wheelchair (not transferring but allows access to dentist)

Question 8

bradford hill criteria

Answer 8

criteria for causal assosciation
includes strength of assosciation , dose response and consistency
(epidemiology)

Question 9

confounding variable

Answer 9

variable that for some reason has been left uncontrolled
e.g age in a drug trial for controlling hypertension
can confound the findings

Question 10

absolute risk vs attributable risk vs relative risk

Answer 10

absolute - incidence of event in a particular group. e.g lung cancer in smokers = 5/1000
attributable - difference between absolute risk in two different groups. e.g lung cancer in smokers vs non smokers = 5-0.5 = 4.5/1000
relative - ratio of 2 absolute risks. e.g 5:0.5 , 10 times greater

Question 11

how many units of alcohol is it not recommended to exceed in one week

Answer 11

14 units

Question 12

medical assosciations with chronic heavy drinking

Answer 12

GIT - liver problems , cancer risk
heart - arrythmias, cardiomyopathy
trauma - injuries
bleeding - poor wound healing

Question 13

cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

disease of heart muscle where walls have became stretched, thickened or stiff making it difficult for the heart to pump blood around the body

Question 14

oral problems associated with chronic heavy drinking

Answer 14

oral cancer risk
ulceration
angular chellitis
trauma
lost dentures
salivary gland enlargement
xerostomia
poor wound healing
erosion
bruxism

Question 15

alcohol related liver disease

Answer 15

liver damage associated with excessive alcohol intake that sees a spectrum of damage
normal to fatty liver disease to hepatitis to cirrhosis

Question 16

name 5 functions of the liver

Answer 16

production of bile
production of blood clotting factors
metabolism
excretion of waste
protein synthesis

Question 17

dental implications of cirrhosis

Answer 17

decreased synthesis of clotting factors and decreased vitamin K absorption
decreased platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia
reduced megakaryocyte maturation (produce platelets)
all contribute to prolonged bleeding

reduced drug metabolism including LA, analgesics and antibiotics

Question 18

why should NSAIDs be avoided in chronic alcoholics

Answer 18

NSAIDs irritate the GIT and alcohol can result in prolonged bleeding

Question 19

what are the two biggest risk factors of oral cancer

Answer 19

alcohol and smoking

Question 20

why are alcohol and smoking considered the 2 biggest oral cancer risks

Answer 20

alcohol facilitates the absorption of carcinogenic substances across oral mucosa - partly due to thin mucosa from nutritional deficiency
ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde is thought to promote tobacco initiated tumours

Question 21

why might chronic alcoholics experience NCTSL

Answer 21

acidic drinks - erosion
GORD - erosion
multifactorial bruxism

Question 22

name 2 screening tools for assessing alcohol intake

Answer 22

FAST (most popular , 4 questions)
CAGE - unsuitable for young people

Question 23

acronym for brief motivational intervention

Answer 23

F - give FEEDBACK to pt about behaviour
R- place the RESPONSIBILITY for change on the patient
A - give ADVICE to pt
M - give MENU of treatment options
E - use EMPATHETIC style
S - encourage SELF _EFFICACY