scd 2 Flashcards
cataract
clouding of lens of eye
age related macular degeneration
wet - rapid degeneration leading to sightloss)
dry - gradual loss of central vision
glaucoma
raised intraoccular pressure due to excess fluid resulting in damage to optic nerve
can progress to sight loss
diabetic retinopathy
damage to retina due to prolonged high blood sugar levels
progresses over years and can lead to sight loss if not treated
hemianopia
blindness in one half of visual field
give and example of a reasonable and an unreasonable adjustment that would be considered with regards to the equality act 2010
reasonable - adding ramp in addition to stairs leading up to practice front door
unreasonable - installing a lift to a practice in an old tenement building
what equipment could be used to transfer a patient from a wheelchair into a dental chair
banana board
hoist
reclining wheelchair (not transferring but allows access to dentist)
bradford hill criteria
criteria for causal assosciation
includes strength of assosciation , dose response and consistency
(epidemiology)
confounding variable
variable that for some reason has been left uncontrolled
e.g age in a drug trial for controlling hypertension
can confound the findings
absolute risk vs attributable risk vs relative risk
absolute - incidence of event in a particular group. e.g lung cancer in smokers = 5/1000
attributable - difference between absolute risk in two different groups. e.g lung cancer in smokers vs non smokers = 5-0.5 = 4.5/1000
relative - ratio of 2 absolute risks. e.g 5:0.5 , 10 times greater
how many units of alcohol is it not recommended to exceed in one week
14 units
medical assosciations with chronic heavy drinking
GIT - liver problems , cancer risk
heart - arrythmias, cardiomyopathy
trauma - injuries
bleeding - poor wound healing
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle where walls have became stretched, thickened or stiff making it difficult for the heart to pump blood around the body
oral problems associated with chronic heavy drinking
oral cancer risk
ulceration
angular chellitis
trauma
lost dentures
salivary gland enlargement
xerostomia
poor wound healing
erosion
bruxism
alcohol related liver disease
liver damage associated with excessive alcohol intake that sees a spectrum of damage
normal to fatty liver disease to hepatitis to cirrhosis
name 5 functions of the liver
production of bile
production of blood clotting factors
metabolism
excretion of waste
protein synthesis
dental implications of cirrhosis
decreased synthesis of clotting factors and decreased vitamin K absorption
decreased platelet aggregation and thrombocytopenia
reduced megakaryocyte maturation (produce platelets)
all contribute to prolonged bleeding
reduced drug metabolism including LA, analgesics and antibiotics
why should NSAIDs be avoided in chronic alcoholics
NSAIDs irritate the GIT and alcohol can result in prolonged bleeding
what are the two biggest risk factors of oral cancer
alcohol and smoking
why are alcohol and smoking considered the 2 biggest oral cancer risks
alcohol facilitates the absorption of carcinogenic substances across oral mucosa - partly due to thin mucosa from nutritional deficiency
ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde is thought to promote tobacco initiated tumours
why might chronic alcoholics experience NCTSL
acidic drinks - erosion
GORD - erosion
multifactorial bruxism
name 2 screening tools for assessing alcohol intake
FAST (most popular , 4 questions)
CAGE - unsuitable for young people
acronym for brief motivational intervention
F - give FEEDBACK to pt about behaviour
R- place the RESPONSIBILITY for change on the patient
A - give ADVICE to pt
M - give MENU of treatment options
E - use EMPATHETIC style
S - encourage SELF _EFFICACY
