scalp, face, parotid Flashcards
what are the layers of the scalp? use acronym SCALP
-Skin
-Connective tissue layer (dense)
-Aponeurosis
-Loose connective tissue
-Periosteum
what is located within the dense connective tissue layer of the scalp?
anchor & blood vessels and nerves
what muscle of facial expression is located within the aponeurosis of the scalp?
occipitofrontalis
what is a cephalhaematoma?
bleeding beneath the periosteum
what is a subaponeurotic haemorrhage?
when bleeding occurs between the aponeurosis of the scalp and the periosteum
describe the arterial supply of the scalp
-superficial temporal artery
-posterior auricular artery
-occipital
-ophthalmic artery - supra trochlear and supraorbital branches
how is the venous drainage of the scalp divided?
superficial and deep components
what are the superficial veins of the scalp?
they follow the arterial supply of the scalp - superficial temporal, occipital, posterior auricular, supraorbital and supratrochlear
what is the deep region of the scalp drained by?
pterygoid venous plexus
what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
-Superior thyroid artery
-Ascending pharyngeal artery
-Lingual artery
-Facial artery
-Occipital artery
-Posterior auricular artery
-Maxillary artery
-Superficial temporal artery
what is the mnemonic to remember the branches of the external carotid artery?
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
what does the scalp receive innervation from?
- trigeminal nerve branches eg supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal
- cervical nerves
what are the muscles of facial expression?
-frontalis
-orbiculalris oculi
-masseter
-buccinator
-platysma
-orbicularis oris
what is the action of the frontalis muscle?
-raises eyebrows
what is the function of the function of the orbicularis oculi?
close eye
what is the function of the buccinator muscle?
-pushes food from the vestibule of the mouth into the oral cavity proper
what is the function of the platysma?
-pulls down the mandible which opens the mouth, and pulling the corners of the lips out to the side and down, which forms a frown.
-wrinkles the neck as the person ages
what nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
the facial nerve
what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve?
-temporal
-zygomatic
buccal
-marginal mandibular
-cervical
describe the parotid gland
-paired salivary gland
-secretes 25% of saliva
-exocrine gland
-secretes alpha amylase which breaks down starch
-serous secretions
what is facial palsy?
-weakness of the muscles of facial expression- due to either temporary or permanent damage of the facial nerve
what are examples of symptoms of facial palsy?
-difficulty with eye closure
-eye might be sore and weeping
-food lodges in the inside of the cheek
-drooling
-asymmetric expression
what its bells palsy?
idiopathic cause of facial palsy - not sure what caused it
compare lower motor lesion vs upper motor lesion facial palsy
- A lower motor neurone lesion causes weakness of all the muscles of facial expression. The angle of the mouth falls. Weakness of frontalis occurs, and eye closure is weak.
- With an upper motor neurone lesion frontalis is spared, normal furrowing of the brow is preserved, and eye closure and blinking are not affected.
describe parotid tumours
-uncommon
-60-70 % are benign (non cancerous)
-children and adults
-different cell types in the parotid gland lead to different tumours
what is parotitis?
inflammation of the parotid gland
what are examples of causes, symptoms, signs of parotitis?
mumps (viral)
-symptoms - pain, fever, muscle ache
-signs - swelling of the parotid gland
