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anatomy - neuro > Introduction to the brain, neurone and overview of the nervous system and development & structure of the CNS > Flashcards

Introduction to the brain, neurone and overview of the nervous system and development & structure of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the nervous system?

A
  • sensory - senses changes through sensory receptors
  • motor- respond to stimuli
  • integrative - analyses and stores information
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2
Q

What are the 2 main cell types in the NS?

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells - supporting cells
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3
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A
  • cell body
  • dendrities (process/ extension) that carries impulse toward cell body
  • axon- carries impulse away from cell body
  • some neurons are myelinated - contain myelin sheath around axon which increases velocity of impulse
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4
Q

Compare and contrats** multipolar motor neurons vs pseudounipolar sensory neurons**

A
  1. Multipolar motor neurons - have 2 or more dendrites, they have a** single axon** with 1 or more branches, **most common type **of neuron - all neurons controlling skeletal muscle & ANS
  2. Psuedounipolar sensory neurons - short peripheral process from cell body to receptor, the cell body is in the sensory ganglia which is part of CNS
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5
Q

What are the neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  • oligodendroglia,
  • astrocytes,
  • ependymal cells,
  • microglia
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6
Q

what are the neuroglia in the PNS?

A
  • satellite cells
  • schwann cells
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7
Q

What are the 3 classes of neuron?

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. motor (efferent)
  3. inter

SAME
(sensory afferent motor efferent)

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8
Q

What are the main functions of the CNS?

A
  • integrate and co-ordinate incoming and outgoing neural signals
  • higher mental functions eg thinking & learning
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9
Q

What is a ‘nucleus’ in the CNS (hint : different than in a cell)

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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10
Q

what is a ‘tract’ in the CNS?

A
  • a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting neighbouring or distant nuclei of the cerebral cortex
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11
Q

What does grey matter contain in comparision to white matter?

A
  • grey matter conatins nerve cell bodies (nuclei)
  • white matter contains fibre tract systems
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12
Q

What kind of shape is grey matter in the spinal cord & what are the 2 ends of it called?

A
  • grey matter in the spinal cord is H shaped
  • it has horns - a dorsal (posterior) horn and a ventral (anterior )horn
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13
Q

What are** commissural fibres** ( type of white matter fibre)?

A
  • these fibres connect the right and left hemispheres
    EGCORPUS CALLOSUM
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14
Q

what are** projection fibres **(type of white matter fibres)?

A
  • they connect higher and lower parts of the CNS eg corona radiata
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15
Q

what are** association fibres** (type of white matter fibre)?

A
  • they connect structures **within the same hemisphere **
  • eg arcuate short fibres
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16
Q

what 2 structures is the CNS protected by?

A

Bone - ie skull and vertebral column
Membranous coverings - the meninges which has 3 layers

17
Q

what are the** 3 layers of the meninges**?

A
  • pia matter (delicate - innermost layer)
  • arachnoid mater (spider web like)
  • dura mater (dense, collagenous)
18
Q

what fluid sits between pia mater and arachnoid matter?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

19
Q

what is the leptomeninx?

A

the arachnoid and pia mater make up the leptomeninx
* they are called this because of their cellular structure

20
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dura mater?

A
  • inner **meningeal **layer
  • outer periosteal layer
21
Q

what does the inner layer of the dura mater form?

A

the inner meningeal layer forms many infoldings
1. falx cerebri in the longitudinal cerebral fissure which seperates the 2 hemipsheres of the brain
2. also the tentorium cerebelli - seperates occipital lobes of hemispheres from the cerebellum
3. **falx cerebelli **
4. **diaphragma sellae **- smallest infolding - covers pituitary gland

22
Q

how are the** venous sinuses ** formed by dura mater?

A

by separating the 2 layers of dura mater along lines which creates the sinuses

23
Q

what is the function of the venous sinuses?

A
  • large veins from brain surface empty blood into these sinuses
  • the sinuses drain into the internal jugular veins (IJV)
24
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A
  • web like arachnoid trabeculae bridge
  • not attached to dura but** pressure of the CSF keeps it in direct contact**
  • arachnod granuations project through dura into blood - filled venous sinus
25
Q

Describe pia mater

A
  • the pia mater gives the brain a** shiny appearance**
  • it** adheres to the brain surface **and follows all contours
26
Q

what is the CSF secreted by?

A

the choroid plexus in the ventricles

27
Q

what are the properties of CSF?

A
  • clear liquid
  • surrounds brain & spinal cord to provide cushioning and nourishment
  • similar contents to plasma - however less protein and different ion conc
28
Q

Where does CSF go to from choroid plexus?

A
  • leaves ventricles and enters the sub arachnoid space
  • it then exits the subarachnoid space via arachnoid granulations to venous blood in dural venous sinuses
29
Q

what are the ventricles of the brain?

A
  • lateral ventricle
  • 3rd ventricle (dincephalon)
  • 4th ventricle
30
Q

what structure connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle?

A

the cerebral aqueduct

31
Q

what is the** diencephalon**?

A

a division of the forebrain

32
Q

what is meningitis?

A

inflammation of the meninges - either bacterial or viral

33
Q

how many cervical vertebrae versus cervical nerves are there?

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 8 cervical nerves
34
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve root eg L4

35
Q

what is a myotome?

A

region of skeletal muscle supplied by single spinal nerve root eg L3

36
Q

Describe sensory ganglia vs automatic ganglia & give examples of each

A
  • sensory ganglia - ganglia without synapse eg dorsal roots ganglion
    -automatic ganglia - ganglia w/ synapses eg otic ganglion
37
Q

describe ipsilateral vs contralateral

A

ipsilateral - on the same side
contralateral - on the opposite side

38
Q

what does decussate mean in relation to the nervous system?

A

to switch from one side to the other

39
Q
A

anatomy - neuro (28 decks)

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