Scalp, Dipole & Meninges

Question 1

Name the posterior margins of the scalp

Answer 1

Supraorbital margins back to the superior nuchal line

Question 2

Name the lateral margins of the scalp

Answer 2

Extends down into the temporal fossa

Question 3

What is the dipole?

Answer 3

The spongy bone between the outer and inner tables of skull bones

Question 4

What is the origin of the Occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 4

Four bellies, two occipital bellies arise from the highest nuchal line , and two frontal bellies are attached to the skin of the eyebrows

Question 5

Where do the 4 bellies of the Occipitofrontalis muscle meet?

Answer 5

The epicranial aponeurosis

Question 6

What is the nerve supply of the Occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 6

Facial Nerve

Question 7

What is the action of the Occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 7

Moves the scalp ,wrinkle the forehead and elevate the eyebrows

Question 8

Name the layers of the scalp

Answer 8

Skin, Connective tissue (subcutaneous), Aponeurosis, Loose areole tissue, Pericranium (periosteum)

Question 9

What does the skin of the scalp contain?

Answer 9

Hair follicles, sweat and sebacous glands

Question 10

What does the connective tissue of the scalp contain?

Answer 10

Nerves and blood vessels This layer is also anchored to the layer above and below. Layer anchored to the skin & aponeurosis

Question 11

What happens if the blood vessels in the CT of the scalp are injured?

Answer 11

Bleeds profusely if injured as the arterial walls here cannot retract

Question 12

What is the role of the loose areolar tissue?

Answer 12

Allows movement of the above three layers as one unit on skull

Question 13

What is the pericranium anchored to?

Answer 13

Bone

Question 14

Where does scalp detachment occur?

Answer 14

The loose areolar tissue, the 4th plane. Infections and bleeding in this layer spread readily.

Question 15

What is the aponeurosis?

Answer 15

An intermediate tendon for the bellies of occipitofrontalis - wounds will gap because of the pull of the bellies in opposite direction= sutures mandatory
The 1st 3 layers are connected and move as one unit and remain together when scalp is torn off during accidents.

Question 16

Why will wounds gap in the aponeurosis?

Answer 16

Because of the pull of the bellies in opposite direction, however sutures are mandatory

Question 17

What 3 layers of the scalp are connected?

Answer 17

The first 3: Skin, CT & Aponeurosis. They remain together when the scalp is torn off during accidents.

Question 18

What is the danger area of the scalp and why?

Answer 18

The loose CT layer (layer 4)

Pus and blood spread easily in it

Question 19

Why can pus or blood enter the eyelids?

Answer 19

Occipitofrontalis inserts into the skin and does not attach to the bone

Question 20

How to black eyes occur?

Answer 20

Slight injury/inflammation result in accumulation of fluid causing the eyelids to swell. Therefore, black eyes can result from injury to scalp or forehead. the trauma its caused to eye but to head/forehead and the blood travels down due to gravity

Question 21

What are the 3 meningeal layers that surround the brain? (From outermost to innermost )

Answer 21

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater

Pia Mater

Question 22

Where is the arachnoid mater located?

Answer 22

Deep in the dura mater

Question 23

Where is the Pia mater located?

Answer 23

Deep to the arachnoid mater

Question 24

Where is the dura mater located?

Answer 24

Outer layer of the meningeal layer

Question 25

What are the two divisions of the dura mater?

Answer 25

Outer periosteal | Inner meningeal

Question 26

Describe the Pia mater

Answer 26

Follows contour of the cerebrum & is highly vascular mater

Question 27

Describe the Arachnoid Mater

Answer 27

Subarachnoid space lies below it

Question 28

What causes inflammation of the meninges?

Answer 28

Caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infections

Question 29

What causes meningoencephalitis?

Answer 29

When meningitis is not treated correctly, Infective toxins may not only inflame the meninges but the underlying brain as well resulting in meningoencephalitis (result if meningitis is not initially treated correctly).

Question 30

What is a symptom of meningoencephalitis?

Answer 30

Stiffness in the neck

Question 31

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

Answer 31

Maxillary artery

Question 32

What is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of?

Answer 32

External carotid artery

Question 33

What does the middle meningeal artery supply?

Answer 33

Dura mater, inner table of bone and diploe of cranial vault

Question 34

What does the Middle Meningeal artery divide into?

Answer 34

An anterior and posterior branch

Question 35

What does the middle meningeal artery ascend on?

Answer 35

The internal aspect of the skull

Question 36

What is the pterion?

Answer 36

Region of meeting of frontal, parietal, squamous part of temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bones

Question 37

What causes a extradural hemorrhage in the skull

Answer 37

Rupture of the middle meningeal artery or one of its branches

Question 38

What nerve plays the role of motor action?

Answer 38

Facial Nerve

Question 39

What nerve plays the role of sensory action?

Answer 39

Trigeminal Nerve

Question 40

What are the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 40

Ophthalmic Nerve, Maxiallry Nerve, Mandibular Nerve

Question 41

What nerve supplies the chin?

Answer 41

Mental nerve

Question 42

What is the innervation on the right side of the scalp, anterior to the ear (trigeminal nerve)?

Answer 42

Supratrochlear nerve Supraorbital nerve Zygomaticotemporal nerve Auriculotemporal nerve

Question 43

What is the innervation of the right side of the scalp, posterior to the ear (spinal nerve)?

Answer 43

Lesser occipital nerve Greater occipital nerve Third occipital nerve

Question 44

What is the innervation of the left side of the scalp, posterior to the ear (cervical spinal nerve)?

Answer 44

Lesser occipital nerve Greater occipital nerve Third occipital nerve

Question 45

What is the innervation of the left side of the scalp, anterior to the ear (trigeminal nerve)?

Answer 45

Supratrochlear nerve Supraorbital nerve Zygomaticotemporal nerve Auriculotemporal nerve

Question 46

What is the arterial supply to the scalp, anterior to ear (Ophthalmic artery)?

Answer 46

Supratrochlear artery | Supraorbital artery

Question 47

What is the Ophthalmic artery a branch of?

Answer 47

Internal carotid artery

Question 48

What is the arterial supply to the scalp, posterior to ear (External carotid artery)?

Answer 48

Post auricular artery | Occipital artery

Question 49

What is the main nerve that supply's the left side of the scalp, anterior to the ear?

Answer 49

Trigeminal Nerve

Question 50

What is the main nerve that supply's the left side of the scalp, posterior to the ear?

Answer 50

Cervical Spinal Nerve

Question 51

What is the main nerve that supply's the right side of the scalp, anterior to the ear?

Answer 51

Trigeminal Nerve

Question 52

What is the main nerve that supply's the right side of the scalp, posterior to the ear?

Answer 52

Spinal Nerve