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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Scalp > Flashcards

Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the scalp consist of?

A

Five

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2
Q

Which of the layers of the scalp are tightly bound together?

A

The first three

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3
Q

What is the result of the first three layers of the scalp being tightly bound together?

A

They move as a unit

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4
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A
  • Skin
  • Dense connective tissue
  • Epicranial aponeurosis
  • Loose areolar connective tissue
  • Periosteum
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5
Q

What does the skin layer of the scalp contain?

A
  • Numerous hair follicles
  • Sebaceous glands
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6
Q

What is the skin of the scalp a common site for?

A

Sebaceous cysts

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7
Q

What does the dense connective tissue in the scalp do?

A

Connects skin to epicranial aponeurosis

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8
Q

What is true of the blood and nerve supply of the dense connective tissue of the scalp?

A
  • Richly vascularised and innervated
  • Blood vessels within the layer are highly adherent to connective tissue
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9
Q

What is the result of the blood vessels in the dense connective tissue of the scalp being highly adherent to connective tissue?

A

Renders them unable to constrict fully if lacerated, and therefore scalp can be a site of profuse bleeding

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10
Q

What is the epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp?

A

Thin, tendon-like structure

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11
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp do?

A

Connects occipitalis and frontalis muscles

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12
Q

What is the loose arerolar connective tissue layer of the scalp?

A

Thin connective tissue layer that seperates the periosteum of skull from epicranial aponeurosis

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13
Q

What does the loose areolar connective tissue of scalp contain?

A

Numerous blood vessels

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14
Q

What clinically important blood vessels does the loose areolar connective tissue of the scalp contain?

A

Emissary veins

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15
Q

What do the emissary veins do?

A

Connect the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins and intracranial venous sinuses

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16
Q

What is the loose areolar connective tissue of the scalp known as?

A

The danger area of the scalp

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17
Q

Why is the loose areolar connective tissue of the scalp known as the danger area of the scalp?

A

Because pus and blood can easily spread within it, and can pass along the cranial cavity along emissary veins

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18
Q

Where can infection spread from the scalp?

A

The meninges, causing meningitis

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19
Q

What is the periosteum of the scalp?

A

Outer layer of skull bones

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20
Q

What does the periosteum become continuous with?

A

Endosteum

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21
Q

Where does periosteum become continuous with endosteum?

A

Suture lines

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22
Q

Where do blood vessels supplying the scalp arise from?

A

Branches of the internal and external carotid arteries

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23
Q

Via what do the internal cartoid arteries supply the scalp?

A

Via the branch, the opthalmic artery

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24
Q

Where does the opthalmic artery supply the scalp?

A

Anteriorly

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25
Q

Via what does the opthalmic artery supply the scalp?

A

Two branches;

  • Supraorbital artery
  • Supratrochlear artery
26
Q

What do the supraorbiral and supratrochlear artery accompany?

A

The supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves respectively

27
Q

Via what does the external carotid artery supply the scalp?

A
  • Superficial temporal
  • Posterior auricular
  • Occipital
28
Q

What does the superficial temporal artery supply?

A

Frontal and temporal regions

29
Q

What does the posterior auricular artery supply?

A

The area superior and posterior to auricle

30
Q

What does the occipital artery supply?

A

Back of scalp

31
Q

What provides a rich blood supply to the tissues of the scalp?

A

Anastomoses

32
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the anastomoses supplying the scalp?

A

Scalp wounds often bleed heavily

33
Q

What can the venous drainage of the scalp be divided into?

A

Superficial and deep components

34
Q

What arteries does the superficial drainage of the scalp follow?

A
  • Superficial
  • Occipital
  • Posterior auricular
  • Supraorbital
  • Supratrochlear

Note: Veins are named after their respective arteries

35
Q

What is the deep (temporal) region of the skull drained by?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus

36
Q

What is the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

A large plexus of veins

37
Q

Where is the pterygoid venous plexus situated?

A

Between temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles

38
Q

What does the pterygoid venous plexus drain into?

A

The maxillary vein

39
Q

What do the veins of the scalp connect to?

A

The diploic veins

40
Q

How do the veins of the scalp connect to the the diploic veins of the skull?

A

Via valveless emissary veins

41
Q

What does the connection of the veins of the scalp and the diploic veins of the skull establish?

A

Connection between scalp and dural venous sinuses

42
Q

How does the scalp recieve its cutaneous innervation?

A

Six main nerves

43
Q

What do the main nerves of the scalp arise from?

A

The trigeminal or cervical nerves

44
Q

What does the trigeminal nerve give rise to?

A
  • Supratrochlear nerve
  • Supraorbital nerve
  • Zygomaticotemporal nerve
  • Auriculotemporal nerve
45
Q

What is the supratrochlear nerve a branch of?

A

Opthalamic nerve

46
Q

What does the supratrochlear nerve supply?

A

Anteromedial forehead

47
Q

What is the zygomaticotemporal nerve a branch of?

A

Maxillary nerve

48
Q

What does the zygomaticotemporal nerve supply?

A

Temple

49
Q

What is the auriculotemporal nerve a branch of?

A

Mandibular nerve

50
Q

What does the auriculotemporal nerve supply?

A

Skin anterosuperior to auricle

51
Q

What does the cervical nerve give rise to?

A
  • Lesser occipital nerve
  • Greater occipital nerve
52
Q

What is the lesser occipital nerve a branch of?

A

The anterior rami of C2 and 3

53
Q

Where does the lesser occipital nerve supply?

A

Behind the ear

54
Q

What is the greater occipital nerve a branch of?

A

Anterior rami of C2 and C3

55
Q

Where does the greater occipital nerve supply

A

Posterior scalp up to vertex

56
Q

What is the problem with deep lacerations of the scalp?

A

They tend to blled profusely

57
Q

Why do deep lacerations of the scalp tend to bleed profusely?

A
  • Pull of occipitofrontalis muscle prevents closure to bleeding vessel and surrounding skin
  • Blood supply of scalp made up of many anastomoses, which contribute to produse bleeding
  • The blood vessels of the scalp are connective to dense connective tissue
58
Q

Why does the blood vessels of the scalp being connected to dense connective tissue lead to deep lacerations bleeding profusely?

A

Prevents vasoconstriction that normally occurs in response to damage

59
Q

Does loss of blood supply to scalp lead to bone necrosis?

A

No

60
Q

Why does loss of blood supply to the scalp not lead to bone necrosis?

A

Because most of the blood supply to scalp comes from middle meningeal artery

61
Q

Label this diagram of the layers of the scalp

Add diagram with labels

A
  • A - Skin and dense connective tissue
  • B - Epicranial aponeurosis
  • C - Loose arerolar connective tissue
  • D - Periosteum

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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