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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Anatomy of Oral Cavity and Tongue > Flashcards

Anatomy of Oral Cavity and Tongue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • Roof
  • Floor
  • Lateral walls
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
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2
Q

What is the roof of the oral cavity made up of?

A
  • Hard palate
  • Soft palate
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3
Q

What is the hard palate formed by?

A

The maxilla and palatine bones, the same bones that form the floor of the nasal cavity

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4
Q

What is the soft palate made up of?

A

Muscles

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5
Q

What do the palatoglossus muscle of the soft palate do?

A

Forms the palatoglossal (anterior) arch

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6
Q

What does the palatopharyngeus of the soft palate fo?

A

Forms the palatopharyngeal (posterior) arch

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7
Q

What is the function of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

To tense and elevate the soft palate during swallowing and yawning

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8
Q

What is the innervation of the soft palate?

A

Predominantly the vagus nerve

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9
Q

What happens if the vagus nerve is damaged, regarding the soft palate?

A

The stronger side is unoppsed, and therefore pulls the uvula away from the side of the affected nerve

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10
Q

What forms the floor of the oral cavity?

A
  • Tongue
  • Other soft tissues
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11
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

Cheek

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12
Q

What is the cheek made of?

A

Buccinator muscles

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13
Q

What forms the anterior walls of the oral cavity?

A

Oral fissure

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14
Q

What is the oral fissure?

A

The space between the lips

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15
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

The oropharyngeal isthmus

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16
Q

What is the oropharyngeal isthmus?

A

Opening to oropharynx

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17
Q

What is the oral vestible?

A

The space between the teeth and the cheek/lips

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18
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

From the teeth, to the ring made by the palatopharyngeal arch, the uvula, and the tip of the epiglottis

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19
Q

What is the gag reflex important in?

A

Preventing choking

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20
Q

What is testing of the gag reflex part of?

A

Cranial nerve examination

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21
Q

Why is testing of the gag reflex not routinely done?

A

Because it is unpleasant for the patient

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22
Q

Where is testing for the gag reflex important?

A

For assessing brainstem funciton

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23
Q

What is the afferent limb of the gag reflex?

A

Sensation from the back of the tongue/throat, uvula, and tonsillar area, provided by glossopharyngeal nerve

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24
Q

What is the efferent limb of the gag reflex?

A

The vagus nerve, which innervates the pharyngeal muscles on both sides to lift the soft palate

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25
Q

Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the names of the teeth

A
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26
Q

What is the nervous supply of the lower jaw?

A

The inferior alveolar nerve

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27
Q

What is the inferior alveolar nerve a branch of?

A

CN V3

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28
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the inferior alveolar nerve?

A
  • Can loose sensation during mandibular nerve fracture
  • Site of anaesthesia use in dental surgery
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29
Q

Why can a mandibular nerve fracture lead to a loss of sensation in the lower jaw?

A

Because it runs through the mandibular fossa

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30
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Styloglossus
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Palatoglossus
31
Q

What does the styloglossus do?

A

Retracts and elevates

32
Q

What does the genioglossus do?

A

Protrudes tongue

33
Q

What does the hyoglossus do?

A

Retracts and depresses

34
Q

What is the palatoglossus innervated by?

A

The vagus nerve, because is part of the soft palate

35
Q

What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Help anchor tongue
  • Allow tongue to change position
36
Q

How do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue help anchor the tongue?

A

Attach tongue to hyoid bone and mandible

37
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
  • Superior longitudinal
  • Vertical
  • Transverse
  • Inferior longitudinal
38
Q

What do the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles of the tongue do?

A

Curl

39
Q

What does the vertical intrinsic muscle of the tongue do?

A

Flattens tongue

40
Q

What does the transverse intrinsic muscle of the tongue do?

A

Pulls tongue in, making it smaller and round

41
Q

Draw a diagram illustrating the innervation of the tongue

A
42
Q

What happens in pathologies of the nerves supplying the tongue?

A

The unaffected side dominates- the normal tongue overpowers the weakened muscle on the affected side, so tongue deviation is towards the side of the lesion

43
Q

How do the parotid and submandibular glands enter the oral cavity?

A

Through a single opening

44
Q

What is the opening of the parotid gland into the oral cavity?

A

Stenson’s duct

45
Q

What is the opening of the submandibular gland into the oral cavity?

A

Wharton’s duct

46
Q

How does the sublingual gland open into the oral cavity?

A

Via multiple ducts

47
Q

Where are the ducts of the sublingual glands?

A

Lateral to frenulum and base of tongue

48
Q

What are salivary gland stones made of?

A

Usually calcium-based

49
Q

How do salivary gland stones aries?

A

Saliva crystallises and blocks the salivary ducts

50
Q

Which salivary duct to salivary gland stones most commonly affect?

A

The submandibular gland

51
Q

Why is the submandibular gland most commonly affected by salivary gland stones?

A

Because it produces saliva that is comparatively thicker than parotid gland

52
Q

How common are sublingual stones?

A

Very rare

53
Q

How do salivary gland stones present?

A

As pain or swelling of the affected gland at meal times

54
Q

What salivary gland stone may be visible?

A

Wharton’s duct stone

55
Q

How are salivary gland stones managed?

A

Small stones may resolve spontaneously, but they commonly need removal

56
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation of the palatine tonsil

57
Q

How does tonsillitis present?

A
  • Sore throat
  • Odonophagia/dysphagia if severe
  • Enlarged and erythematous tonsils
58
Q

Why does tonsillitis cause odonophagia and dysphagia if severe?

A

Tonsils are so englarged, they are causing a blockage

59
Q

What causes tonsilltis?

A

Usually infective

60
Q

Give two pathogens that commonly cause viral tonsillitis

A
  • Rhinovirus
  • Adenovirus
61
Q

What are the symptoms of viral tonsillitis accompanied by?

A

The symptoms of UTRI;

  • Dry cough
  • Run down
  • Headaches
62
Q

What is bacterial tonsillitis most commonly caused by?

A

ß-haemolytic strep

63
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial tonsillitis accompanied by?

A
  • Cervical lymphademopathy
  • Fever
  • Pus
64
Q

What happens to the anterior and posterior arches in tonsillitis?

A

The anterior arch is still present, but the posterior arch is obscured by the enlarged tonsils

65
Q

What complication can tonsillitis lead to?

A

Peritonsillar abscess, or ‘quinsy’

66
Q

What is quinsy caused by?

A

Usually caused by strep. pyogenes, but other organisms include;

  • Staph aureus
  • H. influenza
  • Mixed flora
67
Q

What are the symptoms of quinsy?

A
  • Patients systemically unwell
  • Trismus
  • ‘Hot potato’ voice
  • Drooling
68
Q

What causes trismus and hot potato voice in quinsy?

A

They don’t want to open their mouth too much

69
Q

Why may patients with quinsy be drooling?

A

Because of dysphagia

70
Q

Is quinsy unilateral or bilateral?

A

Often unilateral

71
Q

What happens to the uvula in quinsy?

A

It can deviate away from the lesion

72
Q

What happens to the anterior arch in quinsy?

A

It is lost

73
Q

How is quinsy managed?

A

Requires immediate referral to ENT for drainage and antibiotics

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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