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ESA 4 - Head and Neck > Development of the Face > Flashcards

Development of the Face Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first evidence of the development of the face?

A

The appearance of the stomadaeum

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2
Q

What is the stomadaeum?

A

A depression in the ectoderm on the ventral aspect of the head

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3
Q

What is the stomadauem the site of?

A

The future mouth

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4
Q

How is the stomodeum seperated from the anterior end of the foregut?

A

By the buccopharyngeal membrane

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5
Q

Describe the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm arrangement at the buccopharyngeal membrane?

A

No mesoderm between ectoderm/endoderm

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6
Q

What form around the stomadauem?

A

Five folds (prominences/processes)

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7
Q

What are the prominences/processes that form around the stomadauem?

A
  • Frontonasal prominence
  • Maxillary prominences (2)
  • Mandibular prominences (2)
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8
Q

Where does the frontonsal prominence form?

A

Superiorly, in the midline

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9
Q

What does the frontonasal prominence form?

A
  • Forehead
  • Bridge of nose
  • Upper eyelids
  • Centre of upper lip
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10
Q

Where are the maxillary prominences?

A

Laterally

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11
Q

What are the maxillary prominences derived from?

A

The 1st pharyngeal arch

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12
Q

What do the maxillary prominences form?

A
  • Middle third of face
  • Upper jaw
  • Most of the lip
  • Sides of the nose
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13
Q

Where are the mandibular prominences?

A

Inferolaterally

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14
Q

What are the mandibular prominences derived from?

A

The 1st pharyngeal arch

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15
Q

What do the mandibular prominences form?

A
  • Lower 1/3 of the face
  • Lower jaw
  • Lip
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16
Q

What do the facial prominences consist of?

A

Mesenchyme with a covering of ectoderm

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17
Q

What will eventually happen to the facial prominences?

A

They will fuse together to complete the face

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18
Q

What results from the failure of fusion of the facial prominences?

A

Facial clefts and cleft lip

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19
Q

What is the first evidence of nose formation?

A

The apperance of bilateral ectodermal thickenings, the nasal placodes

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20
Q

Where do the nasal placodes first appear?

A

On the venterolateral aspect of the frontonasal prominence

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21
Q

What happens to the nasal placodes?

A

They invaginate to form the nasal pits

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22
Q

What is the entrance of each nasal pit?

A

The nostril

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23
Q

What forms around the entrance to each nostril?

A

A horse-shoe shaped ring

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24
Q

What are the ‘arms’ of the horseshoe around the nostril?

A

The medial and lateral nasal prominences

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25
Q

Where do the deepening nasal pits lie?

A

Dorsal to the stomodaeum

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26
Q

What seperates the nasal pits?

A

A thin sheet of cells, the oronasal membrane

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27
Q

What happens to the oronasal membrane?

A

It disappears, and the oral and nasal cavities become one continuous space

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28
Q

In what direction does the maxillary prominence grow?

A

Medially

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29
Q

What happens when the maxillary prominences grow medially?

A

They push the nasal prominences closer together in the midline

30
Q

What do the maxillary prominences fuse with?

A

The medial nasal prominences

31
Q

Where do the medial nasal prominences fuse?

A

In the midlien

32
Q

What does the seperation of the oral and nasal cavity require?

A

The development of the palate

33
Q

What does the development of the palate involve?

A

Both the maxillary and medial nasal prominences

34
Q

What happens when the medial nasal prominences fuse in the midline?

A

It seperates the nostrils from the mouth

35
Q

What does the seperation of the nostrils from the mouth by the fusion of the medial nasal prominences give rise to?

A
  • Philtrum of the upper limb (groove)
  • Median part of the maxillary bone, with itrs four incisor teeth
  • Primary palate (or premaxillary portion)
36
Q

What is the primary palate?

A

A small midline component of the palate

37
Q

What grows from each maxillary prominence?

A

A palatal shelf

38
Q

In what direction does the palatal shelf grow?

A

Towards the midline

39
Q

What happens to the palatal shelves?

A

They fuse with each other, and with the primary palate

40
Q

What creates the secondary palate?

A

Fusion

41
Q

What does the secondary palate do?

A

Seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

42
Q

What does the mandible need to grow large enough to do?

A

Allow the tongue to ‘drop’ out of the way, allowing the fusion of the palatal shelves

43
Q

How does the nasal septum develop?

A

As a midline down-growth

44
Q

What ultimately happens to the nasal septum?

A

It fuses with the palatal shelves

45
Q

What does a cleft palate result from?

A

Failure of one or both of the palatal shelves to reach the midline and fuse with its counterpart

46
Q

What does a lateral cleft lip result from?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

47
Q

What is a cleft lip combined with in a cleft palate?

A

Failure of platal shelves to meet in midline

48
Q

When does the development of the eyes begin?

A

In the 4th week

49
Q

How does the development of the eyes begin?

A

With out-pockets of the forebrain

50
Q

What happens to the out-pockets of the forebrain in development of the eyes?

A

They grow to make contact with the overlying ectoderm,

51
Q

What does the contact between the out-pockets of the brain and the overlying ectoderm cause?

A

Changes in the ectoderm that form the optic placodes

52
Q

What do the optic placodes become?

A

The lens of the eyes

53
Q

What happens to the optic/lens placodes do after formation?

A

Invaginate and pinch off

54
Q

When do eyelids begin to develop?

A

At the end of the embryonic period (week 8)

55
Q

Describe the developmental programme of the eyelids

A

They are fused together during the second trimester, and reopen in the third

56
Q

Where are the primordia of the eyes positioned?

A

On the side of the head

57
Q

What happens to the eyes as the facial prominences grow?

A

The eyes move to the front of the face

58
Q

What does the external auditory meatus develop from?

A

The 1st pharyngeal cleft

59
Q

What do the auricles develop from?

A

Within and 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch

60
Q

Which auricles develop from the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
61
Q

What develops from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Stapes

62
Q

What are the otic placodes made from?

A

Ectoderm that thickens before sinking

63
Q

What happens when the otic placodes invaginate?

A

They form the auditory vesicles

64
Q

Where do the external ears intially develop?

A

In the neck

65
Q

What happens to the ears as the mandible grows?

A

The ears ascend to the side of the head to lie in line with the eyes

66
Q

What common chromosomal abnormalities have associated external ear abnormalities?

A

All

67
Q

What does alcohol during pregnany cause?

A

Classic facial symptoms;

  • Small eye/nose opening
  • Thin Philtrum
  • Under-developed jaw
68
Q

What is the safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

A

No known safe level

69
Q

What organs development is known to be sensitive to alcohol?

A

The brain

70
Q

What is pathology of the brain related to alcohol during pregnancy traced back to?

A

Migration of neural crest cells

ESA 4 - Head and Neck (30 decks)

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