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Rabbits > SBG Rabbit Qs_BBCh9 > Flashcards

SBG Rabbit Qs_BBCh9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the full taxonomic classification of the domesticated rabbit?

A

A: class Mammalia, order Lagomorpha, family Leporidae, subfamily Leporinae, Oryctolagus cuniculus

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2
Q
  1. Which genera represent hares?
A

Lepus

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3
Q
  1. ____________ deficiency in rabbits is a model of _______________ in humans.
A

vitamin A; hydrocephalus

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4
Q

Acute respiratory distress syndrome can be be induced in rabbits how?

A

phorbol myrisate acetate

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5
Q

Name six cancer models of rabbits as listed by the AFIP.

A

VX-2 carcinoma tumor, spontaneous endometrial adenocarcinoma, monoclonal gammopathies, nephroblastoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, malignant fibroma

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6
Q

The VX-2 carcinoma arises from malignant transformation of __________________.

A

viral-induced Shope papilloma

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7
Q

What serological abnormality is evident with the VX-2 carcinoma within 4 weeks of implantation?

A

fulminating hypercalcemia

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8
Q

What is the approximate incidence of spontaneous endometrial adenocarcinoma in rabbits 5 years of age or older?

A

79% or higher

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9
Q
  1. How is nephroblastoma induced in rabbits?
A

A: ethylnitrosurea to pregnant does

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10
Q
  1. How is the rabbit model of beta-lymphoblastic leukemia created?
A

transgenic rabbit line which develops disease as weanlings

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11
Q
  1. What is the WHHL rabbit, how is it unique, and what does it model?
A

A: Wantanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit; has marked deficiency of LDL receptors in liver and other tissues; selective breeding of WHHL rabbits will increase incidence of coronary artery atherosclerosis without increasing aortic atherosclerosis; used to study cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis

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12
Q
  1. What is the St. Thomas Hospital rabbit strain, how is it unique and what does it model?
A

A: used to study cholesterol metabolism; has normal functioning LDL receptors but maintains a hypercholesterolemic state

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13
Q
  1. The absence of second incisors (peg teeth) in rabbits in some rabbits herds is a __________ trait.
A

dominant

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14
Q

Which salivary gland in rabbits does not have a human counterpart?

A

zygomatic

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15
Q

T/F Mucous glands are a prominent feature of the rabbit esophagus.

A

False; no mucous glands in rabbit esophagus

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16
Q

Describe the musculature of the rabbit esophagus and stomach.

A

three layers of striated muscle that extend the length of esophagus including cardia of stomach; this is in contrast to humans and many other species who have separate portions of striated and smooth muscle along esophagus

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17
Q

T/F The stomach is never entirely empty in a healthy rabbit.

A

True; gastric contents often include ingested hair as part of normal grooming

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18
Q

Most of the maternal immunity that kits receive is active or passive?

A

passive via the yolk sac; the GI tract of rabbits is relatively impermeable to large molecules

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19
Q
  1. Describe the content of cecotrophs.
A

high moisture content, rich in nitrogen-containing compounds, contain B vitamins niacin, riboflavin, pantothenate, cyanocobalamin.

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20
Q
  1. Respiratory effort in rabbits is due mainly to what musculature?
A

A: diaphragm

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21
Q

T/F Compression and release of the chest wall in rabbits 30-45 times per minute is the most effective means of artificial respiration.

A

False; that method is ineffective due to the diaphragm being the primary muscle responsible for respiratory effort; artificial respiration is best performed by alternating the head up and down 30-45 times per minute while holding the animal

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22
Q

How many lobes of the rabbit lung?

A

6; cranial, middle and caudal on each side

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23
Q

T/F Lung volume in rabbits increases with age.

A

True; unlike in humans and dogs where lung volume decreases with age

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24
Q

What is unique about the rabbit heart compared to other mammals?

A

tricuspid valve has two cusps

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25
Q

T/F The aortic nerve in the rabbit responds to baroreceptors only.

A

True; the aortic nerve in rabbits subserved no known chemoreceptors.

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26
Q

T/F Blood supply to the rabbit brain is supplied mainly by the internal carotid arteries.

A

True; blood supply by the vertebral arteries is limited

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27
Q

T/F The rabbit kidney is unipapillate making renal cannulization more difficult.

A

False; the rabbit kidney is unipapillate but this facilitates cannulization

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28
Q

T/F The number of glomeruli in rabbits increase after birth.

A

True; unlike humans where all glomeruli are present at birth

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29
Q

Describe the clearance of creatinine in rabbit relative to insulin.

A

they are identical

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30
Q

GFR can be accurately measured in rabbits by measuring clearance of ____________.

A

creatinine

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31
Q

Rabbit urine contains high concentrations of what compounds?

A

ammonium magnesium phosphate, and calcium carbonate monohydrate

32
Q

T/F Albuminuria is normal is young rabbits.

A

True

33
Q

Open orchidectomy in the rabbit must include what additional technique compared to dogs and cats?

A

the superficial inguinal ring must be closed to prevent herniation

34
Q

What is the placentation in the rabbit?

A

hemochorial

35
Q

T/F The neonatal rabbit is essentially ectothermic until day 21.

A

False; it is considered ectothermic until about day 7

36
Q

T/F Anisocytosis is a normal finding in rabbits.

A

True

37
Q

T/F Reticulocyte counts between 2-4% are typical in healthy rabbits.

A

True

38
Q

Describe the neutrophil of the rabbit.

A

sometimes called “pseudoeosinophil” or “heterophil” due to presence of red staining granules in cytoplasm; some rabbits demonstrate the Pelger-Huët anomaly in which the heterophil nucleus is hyposegmented due to incomplete differentiation of the granulocytes.

39
Q

How do rabbits differ from other mammals with respect to alkaline phosphatase?

A

A: most mammals have two isozymes (intestinal and liver/kidney/bone forms); rabbits have three (intestinal and two forms present in liver and kidney)

40
Q

T/F Feeding a low fiber diet to rabbits can result in vitamin B deficiency.

A

True; low fiber diets result in less cecotrophs ingested and since rabbits rely on coprophagy for B vitamins, deficiency is possible.

41
Q

Rabbits diets with high levels of alfalfa are high in _________ and can lead to _________ disease.

A

calcium; renal

42
Q

Rabbit diets either too high or too low in vitamin A can result in _____________?

A

reproductive dysfunction and congenital hydrocephalus

43
Q

Vitamin E deficiency in rabbits is associated with _______________?

A

infertility, muscular dystrophy, fetal death, and colobomatous microphthalmos

44
Q

Rabbit serum levels less than ________ are indicative of hypovitaminosis E.

A

0.5 ug/ml

45
Q

What is the approximate water intake of the rabbit?

A

120 ml/kg of body weight (higher than most mammals)

46
Q

T/F Rabbits are spontaneous ovulators.

A

False; ovulation is induced and occurs approximately 10-13 hours after copulation

47
Q

T/F Vaginal cytology is generally the best method for determining estrus and female receptivity.

A

False; does do not have a distinct estrous cycle, but rather demonstrate a rhythm with respect to receptivity to the buck; receptivity is indicated by swollen, moist, dark pink-red vulva, and restlessness, and rubbing the chin on the cage

48
Q

Gestation length in rabbits, and when can pregnancy be detected?

A

gestation 30-33 days; day 11 by radiographs, day 14 by palpation

49
Q

Kindling usually takes place when, and lasts for how long?

A

early morning; 30-60 minutes

50
Q

What interventions are required for a breech presentation during rabbit parturition?

A

none, it’s normal

51
Q

What is the normal nursing frequency of a doe?

A

once daily for several minutes; nursing lasts 5-10 weeks with weaning usually by 5-8 weeks

52
Q

At what temperature range should rabbits be housed?

A

61-72 F

53
Q

Most common rabbit isolates of Pasteurella multocida?

A

capsular types A or D and somatic types 3 or 12

54
Q

Name six general ways Pasteurella multocida can manifest clinically in rabbits (not necessarily clinically apparent).

A

Rhinitis with or without sinusitis (snuffles) Pneumonia - chronic usually asymptomatic; can cause anorexia, depression, dyspnea, moist rales, death Otitis media which is usually clinically silent and can progress to otitis interna leading to torticollis Septicemia generally die acutely without any clinical signs Subcutaneous and/or visceral abscesses can be clinically silent for long periods Acute or chronic genital tract infections in males and females

55
Q

What bacterial virulence factors of Pasteurella multocida allow it to evade host defenses?

A

resistance to phagocytosis by poymorphonuclear neutrophils Resistance to killing by serum and complement Toxin production Endotoxin production

56
Q

Name and describe the etiologic agent for Tyzzer’s disease in rabbits?

A

Clostridium piliforme; gram negative, bacillus-shaped, spore-forming, obligate intracellular pathogen

57
Q

How is C. piliforme cultured?

A

cannot be grown in artificial media; must be cultured in embryo named eggs or tissue culture

58
Q

Tyzzer’s disease is most common in what age group of rabbits?

A

young, particularly around weaning

59
Q

How does Tyzzer’s disease typically present?

A

profuse, watery diarrhea, anorexia, dehydration, lethargy; rabbits after die 1-2 days after exhibiting clinical signs; mortality can be up to 90% in acute outbreaks; chronic disease can manifest as weight loss and wasting

60
Q

Name two stains used to identify C. piliforme.

A

Warthin-Starry or Giemsa

61
Q

What surface disinfectants are efficacious again C. piliforme spores?

A

1% per acetic acid, or 0.3% sodium hypochlorite

62
Q

Primary etiologic agent of enterotoxemia in rabbits?

A

Clostridium spiroforme

63
Q

What other species can be associated with enterotoxemia in rabbits?

A

C. difficile, C. perfringens type A, C. welchii type A

64
Q

T/F Similar to humans, acute inflammatory exudate and pseudo membrane formation is characteristic of C. difficile infections in rabbits.

A

False; acute inflammatory exudate and pseudomembrane formation has not been reported in rabbits

65
Q

Rabbit fecal smears demonstrating helically coiled and semicircular organisms are characteristic of _________________?

A

C. spiroforme

66
Q

How is enterotoxemia definitively diagnosed?

A

at least isolation of causative organism, but may also analyze supernatant from centrifuged cecal contents for iota toxin

67
Q

How is C. spiroforme cultured?

A

Centrifugation of intestinal contents followed by culture of the supernatant-pellet interface.

68
Q

T/F. There are no vaccines for enterotoxemia in rabbits.

A

True. Control of enterotoxemia in rabbits should focus on preventing disruption of GI flora through proper husbandry and veterinary practices.

69
Q

Describe proper husbandry and veterinary practices to avoid enterotoxemia in rabbits.

A

Around time of weaning, do not over feed and give sufficient dietary fiber. Avoid abrupt changes in feed. Copper sulfate may be added to feed to reduce Clostridial toxin production. Use antibiotics judiciously and appropriately, and parenterally is better than oral.

70
Q

How is enterotoxemia in rabbits treated?

A

Supportive fluid therapy, +/- judicious abx, oral cholestyramine (ion exchange resin) binds bacterial toxins

71
Q

What is the strain and serotype of the most virulent E. coli affecting weanling rabbits?

A

strain Rabbit Diarrhea E. coli (RDEC-1), and serotype O15:H

72
Q

E. coli strains expressing the ______ gene are the most _________ and ______________.

A

eae, common, pathogenic

73
Q

What does the eae gene encode?

A

intimin, an outer membrane protein required for development of attaching and effacing lesions. Many strains expressing this gene are in the O103 serogroup.

74
Q

What other serotypes of E. coli are important in rabbit colibacillosis?

A

O109:H2, O103:H2, O15:H, O128, O132; O109:H2 most often cause of neonatal diarrhea with high mortality; O103:H2 or O15:H most often with weanling diarrhea with high mortality; O123, O128, and O132 usually cause weanling diarrhea with low mortality.

75
Q

What are the typical clinical syndromes of colibacillosis in rabbits?

A

4-6 week old weanlings most commonly affected, but 1-2 week old suckling rabbits can also be affected. Three clinical syndromes depending on strain: neonatal diarrhea with high mortality, weanling diarrhea with high morality, weanling diarrhea with low mortality.

76
Q

What are the typical clinical presentations of colibacillosis in rabbits?

A

suckling rabbits with severe yellow diarrhea and high mortality; weanlings with profuse watery diarrhea with dehydration, anorexia, weight loss, stunted growth, and death if highly virulent strain; diarrhea can be mild in weanlings with low virulent strains

77
Q

What is the floor space required for a rabbit less than 2 kg?

Up to 4 kg?

Up to 5.4 kg?

More than 5.4 kg?

A

Less than 2 kg: 1.5 ft2

Up to 4 kg: 3.0 ft2

Up to 5.4 kg: 4.0 ft2

More than 5.4 kg: At least 5.0 ft2

Height requirement is technically 16 inches, but as long as ears aren’t touching top of cage, performance standard will be applied.

Rabbits (16 decks)

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