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Biology > SB9- Ecosystems And Material Cycles > Flashcards

SB9- Ecosystems And Material Cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

What do organisms need to stay alive

A

Resources

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2
Q

What do plants need to stay alive

A

Space, light, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, warmth and mineral ions

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3
Q

What do animals need to stay alive

A

Oxygen , food and water - may also need shelter

Organisms are continually interacting with eachothwr and their environments

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4
Q

How big can eco system be

A

Large - such as a rainforest or small such as a pond

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5
Q

How is a community formed

A

All the organisms that live and interact in an eco system form a community

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6
Q

What is a community made up of

A

Populations of different species - each population lives in a particular habitat within an eco system

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7
Q

What is interdependence

A

When species depend on eachother for a resource

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8
Q

What does a habitat for one species also include

A

Other organisms that affect the population and the local environment

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9
Q

What is abundance

A

A measure of how common something is in an area - such as population size

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10
Q

What does a quadrat enable us to do

A

Estimate the population size by taking samples using a quadrat

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11
Q

How is a quadrat used

A

They are randomly placed in an area - number of individuals in each quadrat is counted

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12
Q

How do you calculate the population size using a quadrat - equation

A

Population size = number of organisms in all quadrats x (total size where organism lives / total area of quadrats)

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13
Q

What does a food web show

A

The feeding relationships between the organisms in a community - we can use them to help predict what will happen if there are changes in the eco system

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14
Q

What’s the order in a food web?

A

Producer, primary consumer (herbivore) , secondary consumer (carnivore /predator) , tertiary consumer (carnivore /predator) , top predator

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15
Q

Does the amount of energy received from the sun on the earth vary?

A

Yes!! It’s affects both the physical conditions and how much life there is in each region

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16
Q

How much energy is captured from the sun by photosynthesis

A

3 x 10^20 j of energy transferred by light from the sun

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17
Q

What is most of the energy transferred to from the sun

A

Biomass (the mass of tissues) - the rest is transferred to environment by heating during processes such as respiration - this energy can’t be used so these transfers are less useful for living things

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18
Q

What are trophic levels

A

Feeding levels on a food chain

Energy flow through the biotic components of an eco system

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19
Q

How do energy levels change in a food chain

A

A primary cconsumer takes in energy stored by plant biomass - some is stored in the consumer, some energy transferred by heating and som remains in plant biomass in faeces, urine, this energy is not available to predator so predator gets a lot less energy

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20
Q

What does a Sankey diagram show

A

Shows the energy transfers in an organism

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21
Q

How can we calculate the efficiency of energy transfer in an organism

A

Energy transferred to biomas / total energy supplies to organism

X 100 if yo want it as a percentage

22
Q

What’s a pyramid of biomasses

A

If we measure the biomass of organisms at each trophic level in an eco system - we can display them in a pyramid of biomass

The width of the bar indicates the amount of biomass at each trophic level

23
Q

How can we calculate the percentage transfer of biomass between trophic levels of pyramid

A

Percentage biomass transfer from producers to primary consumers = 78/809 x 100

^^ example so just divide and it equals 9.6% btw

24
Q

Why is there a maximum length of a food chain

A

The pyramid shape helps to explain why there’s a limit - the energy stored in the biomass of the top trophic level is too little to support another level

25
Q

What’s the distribution of organisms

A

Where organisms are found in an eco system

26
Q

What are abiotic factors and give me some examples

A

They are non living factors that affect distribution - physical and chemical factors

Eg

Temperature, rainfall and substances in the soil

27
Q

What does a belt transect measure

A

The effect of abiotic factors on the distribution of organisms

28
Q

How do you use a belt transect

A

Quadrats are placed along a line in a habitat, abundance of organism is measured as well as abiotic factors in each quadrat position

Abundance changes can show which abiotic factor has the greatest effect on the organism

29
Q

What is an adaption

A

Each species of organism have certain adaptations - that mean the organism is suited to particular conditions - if abiotic factors change, distribution of an organism may also change

30
Q

What happens if there is a lack of water in a community (drought)

A

Few organisms can survive a drought for long, most land plants can’t survive if there roots are under water for long, if climate changes resulting in flooding or drought , species may die out

31
Q

How does temperature affect distribution

A

Eg polar bears used to cold regions, cacti adapted to hot - all have adaptations to suit a life on that temperature , a long term temperature chance will change the distribution of some organisms aand so affect the whole community

32
Q

Is light very useful for plants

A

Light is essential for plants and algae to grow

33
Q

What are pollution and give some example

A

Substances that cause harm to the environment are pollutants and cause pollution, many human activities release pollutants, these can poison or harm organism

34
Q

What are biotic factors

A

Are the organism in an ecosystem that affect other living organisms

35
Q

What happened In Yellowstone park

A

Grey wolves were reintroduced due to huge number of elk - they want predation of elk whose numbers were out of control

36
Q

What’s a predator-prey cycle

A

In small communities , the number of a predator and its prey may be closely related, showing population changing

37
Q

What happened as a result of the reintroduction of wolves in yellow stone park

A

Elk number rapidly increased, increased beavers - changing the landscape by dams and large pools and muddy areas

These new habitats allowed new species to live - increasing the biodiversity

38
Q

What is biodiversity

A

The number of different species

39
Q

How can lichen be used as an indicator species for sulfur dioxide pollution in the air

A

Lichen grows on trees and building - mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an Alga , before this species of lichen was only found in industrial areas because it’s the only lichen that can tolerate polluted air with sulfur containing gas - look how common it is in different areas to see how polluted areas are

40
Q

How has the distribution of lichen changed over the past 50 years

A

Thee has been a large fall in sulfur dioxide so less lichen are found

Levels of other pollutants have changed for example increasing nitrogen oxide gases from the air, vehicle exhausts, has increased the range of some lichen species and decreased the range of others

41
Q

Tell me about black spot fungus as an indicator species of air pollution

A

It’s a pathogen of roses, fungus can’t grow well where there is a lot of sulfur pollution so roses growing in cities rarely suffered from black spot infection

42
Q

Tell me about water pollution indicators (eutrophication)

A

Some aquatic invertebrates are useful pollution indicators

Pollution of substances such as nitrates cause eutrophication encourages growth of plants so bacteria feed on dead plants and reduce oxygen concentration which kills a lot of animals - different invertebrates are adapted to different concentrations of oxygen

43
Q

How is water pollution caused

A

By poisonous substances released by factories such as mercury or detergents

Fertilisers and sewage are other common sources of water pollution - substances such as nitrates can cause eutrophication

44
Q

Can air and water pollution be measured with sensors

A

These give numerical data at the time of the measurement

Pollution indicator species do not give this level of detail in measurement , but are useful as a simple assessment of long term health of an ecosystem

45
Q

Why can sludgeworms live in highly polluted water

A

BECUASE they contain haemoglobin- idk what that means but just write it in exam lol

Bloodworms have the same adaptation

46
Q

What happens in most feeding relationships

A

A predator kills and eats its prey then moves on to find more prey

47
Q

What’s parasitism

A

Is a different kind of feeding relationship In which one organism (the parasite) benefits by feeding off a host organism - causing harm to the host

48
Q

Where can a parasite live

A

Lives in or on the host

It may survive for a long time and continue to provide food for the parasite if the parasite causes limited harm

49
Q

How is a tapeworm adapted to living inside their hosts intestines

A

Hooks and suckers attach the worms head firmly to the hosts intestine wall

Segments contain male and female sex organs so fertilisation can occur

A flattened body allows absorbtion of nutrients over whole surface without need for digestive or circulatory systems

50
Q

Tell me how head lice are adapted to living on hair and skin

A

Sharp mouth parts can pierce skin and suck blood

Sharp claws can grip on to hair and skin

Eggs are glued to hairs to prevent them falling off

51
Q

What’s a mutualistic relationship

A

Some organism that live together both benefit from the relationship

Eg flowers depends on insects for pollination. The flower is able to produce fertilised egg cells and the insects get nectar or pollen which it uses for food

52
Q

How do coral polyps form a mutualistic relationship with single felled algae

A

The algae can live in the water surrounding corals, but are better protected inside a polyp - the algae go in polyps and photosynthesise and share the food they make with the coral animal

Biology (12 decks)

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