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Biology > SB1 - Key Concepts > Flashcards

SB1 - Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is magnification

A

If makes an image look bigger

So a x30 lens would make an object 30 times bigger

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2
Q

How do you work out a microscopes magnification

A

Multiply the magnification of the 2 lenses together

Multiply the eyepiece lens and objective lens

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3
Q

What’s the resolution

A

The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as 2 seperate points

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4
Q

What are electron microscopes like

A

Instead of light beams passing through the specimen to build up an image

Electron Microscopes can magnify more and have a better resolution than a light microscope

They allow us to see cells with great detail and clarity

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5
Q

Tell me the prefixes

A

Millimetres (mm)
Micrometres (um)
Nanometres (nm)
Picometres (pm)

Divide by 1000 to to get down a stage eg mm to um

Multiply by 1000 to get up a stage eg micro to milli

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6
Q

What is a cell with a nucleus also described as

A

Eukaryotic

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

Is like a very big thin bag

It controls what enters and leaves the cell and seperates one cell from another

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8
Q

What’s the cytoplasm

A

It contains a watery jelly and it’s where most cells activities happen

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9
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Are jelly bean shaped structures in which aerobic respiration

Very difficult to see with a light microscope

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10
Q

What’s the nucleus

A

Controls the cell and its activities

Inside it are chromosomes which contain DNA

Especially large in white blood cells

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11
Q

What are ribosomes

A

In cytoplasm many round tiny structures make proteins for cell

Impossible to see with light microscope

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12
Q

What is the field of view

A

The circular area you see in a light microscope

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13
Q

What do electron microscopes allow us to see that light microscopes can’t

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

What’s the cell wall

A

In a plant cell

It’s made of cellulose and supports and protects the cell

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15
Q

What are chloroplasts

A

In plant cell

Contain chlorophyll which traps energy transferred from the sun

The energy is used for photosynthesis

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16
Q

What’s a vacuole

A

In plant cells

Stores cell sap to help cell keep firm and rigid

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17
Q

What are specialised cells

A

They have a sledie if function

About 200 different kinds

They are adapted to their functions

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18
Q

How are the cells adapted in the small intestine lining specialised

A

They absorb small food molecules produced by digestion

Adapted by having membranes with tiny folds called microvilli

This adaption increase the surface area of the so more molecules can be absorbed, the faster the absorption Happens

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19
Q

How is the pancreas adapted

A

It makes enzymes needed to digest certain foods in the small intestine

Enzymes are proteins and so these cells are adapted by having a lot of ribosomes

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20
Q

What are gametes

A

In sexual reproduction, the two specialised cells sex cells, they fuse to create a cell that develops into an embryo

Human gametes are egg cell and the sperm cell

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do most body cells have

A

Two copies of the 23 different type of chromosome so 46 in total

Gametes one have one copy of each and so 23 each

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22
Q

What are cells with two sets of chromosomes also known as

A

Diploid

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23
Q

What are cells with one copy of each chromosomes called

A

Haploid

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24
Q

How is the female egg cell gamete specialised

A

The jelly coat protects egg cell, it hardens after fertilisation to ensure that only one sperm enters the egg cell

The cytoplasm is packed with nutrients to supply the fertilised egg cell with energy and material for the growth and development of embryo

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25
Q

How is the male sperm cell specialised

A

It has a streamlined shape to travel

It has a large number of mitochondria are arranged in a spiral around the top of the tell to release lots of energy to power the tail

The tip of the head contains a small Vacuole called the acrosome - it contains the enzymes that break down substances in the eggs cells jelly coat
Allows sperm to
Burrow inside

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26
Q

What happens in fertilisation

A

Occurs in the oviducts, cells in the lining of oviduct transport cells (or the developing embryos after fertilisation) towards uterus

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27
Q

How are oviduct cells adapted

A

Have hair like cilia - wave side to side to sweep substances along

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28
Q

What are cells that kind structures in the body also called

A

Epithelial cells

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29
Q

What are cells that line structures in the body and have cilia also called

A

Ciliated epithelial cell

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30
Q

How do we look at bacteria

A

Difficult to see with light microscopes as small and colourless so stains often used

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31
Q

What is the flagellum on a bacteria

A

A round like propeller so the bacteria can move

Not all bacteria have them

32
Q

What type of cells are bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

Cells don’t have nuclei or chromosomes

Don’t have mitochondria or chloroplasts

33
Q

Instead of a nucleus what does a bacteria contain

A

One large loop of chromosomal DNA - also smaller loops of DNA called plasmids

34
Q

What do Plasmids do

A

Controls a few of the cells activities

35
Q

Tell me some parts of the bacteria cell

A

Slime coat for protection (not all bacteria have this)

Flexible cell wall for support which is not made out of cellulose like plants

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm, contains ribosomes which are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

Chromosomal DNA

36
Q

How big is prokaryotic ribosomes

A

20nm

37
Q

How many Nanometres In a metre

A

1 000 000 000nm

38
Q

You need to know standard form

A

Check page 11 of text book for info

39
Q

What do animals use substances for

A

Energy, growth, development by digesting food inside their bodies

40
Q

How do bacteria use substances

A

Release digestive enzymes into environment and then abstain digested good into their cells

41
Q

What do digestive enzymes turn in to in humans

A

Large molecules in our food into smaller smaller subunits

The digested molecules are them small enough to be absorbed by small intestine

42
Q

What do part of protein molecules breakdown to

A

Amino acids

43
Q

What do part of starch molecules break down into

A

Glucose molecules

44
Q

What do lipid molecules break down to

A

Fatty acids

45
Q

What’s synthesis

A

Using small molecules to build larger molecules

Carbohydrates and proteins are both polymers because they are made of I small molecules or monomers joined in a chain

Happens very slowly - since subunits rarely collide with enough force or right angle to bond

46
Q

How can synthesis or breakdown (digestion) be sped up

A

Using a catalyst and in living organisms they are enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts - enzymes are a special group of proteins found throughout the body

47
Q

What are the substances that that enzymes work on called

A

Substrates

48
Q

What are the substances produced when a catalyst reacts with a substrate called

A

Products

49
Q

Tell me about the enzyme amylase

A

Found in saliva and small intestine

It breaks down starch to small sugars such as maltose

50
Q

Tell me about catalase

A

Found in most cells, especially liver cells

Breaking down hydrogen peroxide made in many cell reactions to water and oxygen

51
Q

Tell me about starch synthase enzyme

A

Found in plants

It used for synthesis of starch from glucose

52
Q

Tell me about DNA polymerase enzyme

A

Found in nucleus

Used for synthesis of DNA from its monomers

53
Q

What are chemical reagents

A

Identify changes in sugars and stuff

54
Q

How can an iodine solution be used for chemical reagents

A

Changes from yellow-orange to blue-black colour when in contact with starch

55
Q

What can benedicts solution be used for in chemical reagents

A

Change colour when reducing sugars (including glucose and fructose) are present

56
Q

What can a biuret test be used for

A

Potassium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of food, 2 drops of copper sulfate solution and changes to purple of protein present

57
Q

How can fats and oils (lipids) be tested

A

Using ethanol emulsion test

Food mixed with ethanol and shaken and poured into water and shaken agian

Fats and oils dissolved in ethanol float to surface, forming a cloudy emulsion when left to stand

58
Q

What do calorimeters do

A

The amount of energy transferred from biting food to water can be calculated from increase in water temperature

Measures amount of energy in a food by burning it

59
Q

How is a protein formed

A

Formed from a chain of amino acids, caused by folding the chain in a sequence of specific amino acids in a chain

60
Q

What’s the active site

A

Where the substrate molecule of the enzyme fits at the start of a reaction

Different substrates have different 3D shapes and different enzymes have different shaped active sites

Enzymes can only work with specific substrates

61
Q

Tell me what happens when substrate molecule enters an enzymes active site

A

Two different substrate molecules hold the substrate molecules tightly in right position for bonds to form between them and make 1 product molecule

62
Q

What can the ph or temperature change do to an enzyme

A

It can affect how the proteins fold up and affect the shape of active site

If the shape of the active site changes too much, the substrate will no longer fit neatly and so the enzyme will no longer catalyse

We say the enzyme is denatured

63
Q

What’s the temperature at which the enzyme works fastest also
Known as

A

Optimum temperature

64
Q

What else beside temperature can affect the rate of an enzymes reaction

A

Ph - below and above optimum the shape of the active site is changed

concentration of substrate - high concentration most enzymes active sites contain substrate molecules so it’s as fast as it can be

At low concentration, many enzyme molecules have Empty active sites so rate very slow

65
Q

How is smell spread

A

Diffusion

66
Q

Tell me about diffusion

A

Particles in gases and liquids are constantly moving past eachother in random directions

This causes an overall movement of particles from where there are more of them (higher concentration) to where there are fewer (lower concentration)

67
Q

What’s a concentration gradient

A

The difference between 2 concentrations,

Particles diffuse down a concentration gradient

The bigger the difference, the steeper the gradient and faster diffusion occurs

68
Q

Tell me about diffusion in body

A

Allows small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of cells

69
Q

What is partially permeable or semi permeable

A

A membrane that allows some molecules through and not others

70
Q

How do cells do diffusion

A

Their cell membrane are semi permeable and trap large soluble molecules inside cells, water molecules can diffuse through

71
Q

What’s a more dilute solute concentration

A

When there are more water molecules on one side of cell membrane and Less on other (more concentrated solution of solute)

72
Q

What’s osmosis

A

The diffusion of small molecules of a solvent such as water through a semi permeable membrane

The overall movement of solvent particles will stop when the concentration of solutes is the Same on both sides of membrane

73
Q

How do you calculate mass change

A

Osmosis can cause mass change

Work out difference between mass of tissue at start and end (final mass - initial mass)

Divide difference by initial mass

Multiply by 100

A negative answer is a percentage lost

74
Q

What’s active transport

A

Cells may need to transport molecules against a concentration or transport molecules that are too big to diffuse through the cell membrane

75
Q

How is active transport carried out

A

By transport proteins in cell membranes

The transport proteins capture certain molecules and carry them across the cell membrane

Active process requires energy

76
Q

What type of processes are osmosis and diffusion

A

Passive

Do not require an input of energy

Biology (12 decks)

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